I-neuropsychology iyisayensi esencane nesathuthukayo. Ngaphandle kokutadisha izinqubo ezenzeka ezingxenyeni ezonakele zobuchopho kunzima ukusiza umuntu ukuba avuselelwe. Ngokuvamile izingane zizalwa ngokuhlukumezeka okuhlukahlukene, futhi i-neuropsychology isiza ukukubona lokhu ekuqaleni kwezinyathelo bese udweba uhlelo lokulungisa.
Iyini i-neuropsychology?
Isihloko se-neuropsychology isitayela esincane kakhulu, sithuthuka ekuhlanganiseni kwe-neuroscience, psychology kanye ne-psychophysiology. I-Neuropsychology ihlolisisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokusebenza kobuchopho nezinqubo zengqondo, ukuziphatha. Ngokuyinhloko, izinqubo zobuchopho ezinokukhubazeka ezibangelwa ukulimala noma izifo kubantu nasezilwaneni ziyaphenywa. Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-neuropsychology:
- Ukuqaphela ukujwayela kokusebenza kwemisebenzi yobuchopho ekusebenzisaneni kokuphila okuphilayo kanye nemvelo yangaphandle nangaphakathi.
- Ukuphenya kwemisebenzi yobuchopho nezakhiwo.
- Ukuhlaziywa komonakalo ezindaweni zobuchopho.
Umsunguli we-neuropsychology
Izinyathelo zokuqala kulezi ziqondiso zenziwa yiL.S. Vygotsky, kodwa umnikelo obalulekile owenziwe AR. Luria futhi wadala isayensi entsha - neuropsychology. Impumelelo nentuthuko A.R. I-Luria:
- wadala ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo ezingezansi;
- wafunda futhi wachaza izidakamizwa zangasese ezingaziwa ngaphambili;
- wafunda indima ye-lobes yangaphambili yobuchopho ezinkambisweni zomqondo.
Izindlela ze-neuropsychology, okuvumela ukuveza ukwephulwa (okuthuthukiswe ngu-AR Luria nabalandeli bakhe):
- Indlela yokuhlaziywa kwesistimu (ukuhlolwa kwebhethri Luria) - ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwemisebenzi yengqondo
- I-Psychometric (eNyakatho Melika) - ukuhlolwa kwebhethri i-Nebraska-Luria, i-wexler yesilinganiso.
- Ukuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye (waseBrithani) - ukuhlola, ukuhlolwa kokuhlola ukuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo kwezifundo ngabanye.
Amabhizinisi we-Neuropsychology
I-neuropsychology ikhula ngokushesha, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi le sayensi yikusasa. Izikhombisi-ndlela eziyinhloko ze-neuropsychology:
- umtholampilo;
- ukuhlola;
- Ukuvuselelwa;
- imvelo;
- izingane;
- ukuxilongwa;
- i-neuropsychology yentuthuko.
I-Neuropsychology yezingane
I-neuropsychology yobuntwana - isithembiso esithembisayo nesifuna, ukuphulwa okutholakala ngesikhathi kuzosiza ukulungisa ingane efanele. I-neuropsychology yezingane ifunda i-asymmetry yangasese ye-hemispheres engakwesokudla nangesobunxele, izimbangela zokuhluleka kwesikole (ukungasebenzi kahle kobuchopho, i-ADHD syndrome). Ngemuva kokuphula umthetho, ukulungiswa kwengqondo nokwelapha kwenziwa.
I-Neuropsychology Clinic
Isisekelo se-neuropsychology yisifundo se-neuropsychological syndromes. I-neuropsychology emtholampilo isebenzelana neziguli ezinokulimala kwe-hemisphere efanele kanye nokwephulwa kwezakhiwo zobuchopho obujulile, kanye nokukhubazeka kokuxhumana kwe-interhemispheric. Imiqondo eyisisekelo ye-neuropsychology yomtholampilo:
- Uphawu lwe-neuropsychological . Ukuphulwa kwemisebenzi yesimo sengqondo ngokulimala komqondo wendawo.
- I-neuropsychological syndrome . Inhlanganisela ethile yezimpawu ze-neuropsychological ngenxa yokuphazanyiswa kokusebenza kwezinqubo zengqondo kulesi sifo sendawo.
Neuropsychology yokuhlola
Izimiso ze-neuropsychology zisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinqubo eziwusizo nezokuhlola, ngaphandle kwalokhu isayensi ingasifaka imibono yabo. I-neuropsychology yokuhlola ihlola ukuziphatha kwabantu nezilwane ezivela kwezinye izilonda zendawo. Ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwe-A.R. I-Luria yayifundwa ngokucophelela futhi ihlukaniswe ukukhathazeka kwememori (aphasia) nenkulumo. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezifundo ze-neuropsychology zanamuhla zokuhlukumeza ngokomzwelo wezinkinga zomzwelo kanye nezinqubo zokuqonda.
I-Neuropsychology ewusizo
Izikhombisi-ndlela ze-neuropsychology zithuthuka ngenxa yendlela yokusebenza. I-neuropsychology ewusizo iyisigaba lapho kusekelwe khona onke amagatsha we-neuropsychology. Izindlela eziyinhloko zomsebenzi zabekwe ngu-A.R. Luria futhi wathola igama elithi "Amabhethri ezindleleni zeLurian", ezifaka ucwaningo:
- ukunakwa ngokuzithandela nangokungazibandakanyi;
- ukusabela ngokomzwelo;
- i-gnosis yokuhlola;
- ukunyakaza lapho uqhuba imiyalelo;
- inkulumo;
- izinhlamvu;
- inkumbulo;
- izinhlelo ze-akhawunti;
- izinqubo zobuhlakani.
I-Neuropsychology yobudala
Iyini i-age neuropsychology yobudala - impendulo isivele ikhona embuzweni ngokwawo. Isikhathi ngasinye sonyaka sifana namaphethini awo okuthuthukiswa kwengqondo, futhi isikhathi esithile, lezi noma ezinye iziphazamiso zomsebenzi wobuchopho ziyisici. Izifundo ze-neuropsychology yobudala:
- syndromes neuropsychological;
- izimpawu zokuphulwa kwemisebenzi ephakeme yengqondo.
I-Neuropsychology - Ukuzivocavoca
Esimweni esivamile, ubuchopho buzilawula ngokwakho, ngokuphulwa kokulinganisela kwengqondo, ukuvela kwezinkinga nge-psyche, izinhlelo zokulawulwa komzali ezingenayo zihluleka, ngakho ukulungisa okufika ngesikhathi kubalulekile. I-correctional neuropsychology yezingane kanye nabantu abadala basebenzisa izivivinyo zabo ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo ekusebenzeni kobuchopho, inhlalakahle. I-Neuropsychology - imidlalo nokuzivocavoca:
- Ukudweba kombukiso . Lungiselela iphepha, amaki noma amapensela. Thatha amapensela ezandleni zombili bese uqala kanyekanye ukudweba ngezandla zakho konke okufunayo: izinhlamvu, izibalo zejometri, izilwane, izinto. Ukuvivinya umzimba kuvumelanisa kokubili ama-hemispheres futhi kudala isimo sokuphumula.
- Ukudweba amafomu ahlukene . Ukuzivocavoca kufana nalokho okudlule, ukudweba kuphela ubujamo obuhlukile ngesikhathi esifanayo, isibonelo, isandla sokunxele sidonsa unxantathu, isandla sokunene sidonse isikwele.
- Ukuzindla ukugxila ekuphefumuleni . Ukuphuza okuncane nokuphuza isikhathi eside, nokugxila emkhawulweni wekhala. Iphindaphinda, ithatha ubuchopho ezingeni lika-alpha rhythm, ingqondo iyancipha, isimo se-equilibri yengqondo sivela.
- Ukulinganisa ukunyakaza kwezilwane ezihlukahlukene . "I-Bear iyahamba" - ingane ikhona kuzo zonke ezine futhi iphakamisa isandla sayo sokunene nomlenze, amehlo egxile esandleni sakhe, khona-ke ukunyakaza okufanayo nangakwesobunxele bomzimba. "I-Tiger ifika" - isikhundla esiyisisekelo kuzo zonke ezine, ngokunye: isandla sokunene siya ehlombe lesokunxele, isandla sokunxele kuya kwesokudla bese uhamba.
- Ukuzivocavoca "Indlovu" . Indlebe igxiliwe ngokujulile ehlombe, isandla esiphikisanayo sithathwa njenge "trunk" futhi siqala ukudweba okuyisishiyagalombili emoyeni, amehlo ngesikhathi esifanayo alandele kalula. Qalisa izikhathi ezintathu kuya kwezi-5 ekuqondeni ngalunye. Ukuzivocavoca ukulinganisa uhlelo "lokuqonda-umzimba".
I-Neuropsychology - kuphi ongayifunda?
Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-neuropsychology kwenzeka ngesisekelo semfundo yengqondo noma yezokwelapha, njengengxenye yokuthola umsebenzi, isazi sengqondo sezokwelapha noma sezokwelapha, isazi sengqondo sokugula ngengqondo, isazi sengqondo. Imfundo ephakeme, lapho ungathola khona umsebenzi we-neuropsychologist:
- I-Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis. Okukhethekile "Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Neuropsychological nokuqeqeshwa okuthuthukayo".
- ISt. Petersburg State University. Isikhundla se-Psychology Clinic.
- I-St Petersburg Scientific Research Institute. V.M. Bechterew. Ngokwezisekelo zamakhono "I-Clinical (medical) yezokwelapha" kanye ne "Neurology" efundisa izisekelo ze-neuropsychology ye-clinic, neurotherapy.
- I-National Research Tomsk State University. Psychological Clinic.
- I-Moscow State Institute. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Okukhethekile "I-Neuropsychology ne-neurorehabilitation."
I-Neuropsychology - izincwadi
Amabhuku athandwa kakhulu nge-neuropsychology abhalwe ngolimi olucacile, futhi azoba nesithakazelo kubo bonke abanesithakazelo emigqonyeni yobuchopho kanye nengqondo jikelele. Umuntu wendawo yonke, mayelana nendlela imikhuba eyakhiwe ngayo, kungani ukuziphatha okungalungile kuphakama phakathi nalezi zinkinga noma ezinye izinkinga zobuchopho - amakhosi abazinikele ekutadisheni i-psyche emisebenzini yabo atshela ngalokhu nangezinye izinto eziningi:
- " Okubalulekile Kwenhliziyo Ye-Neuropsychology " Luria A.R. Inkambo yokuqeqeshwa kwabafundi be-psychology, ukugula kwengqondo kanye neurolology.
- "Le ndoda eyithatha umkakhe isicathulo " O. Sachs. Umlobi uyathandeka, kodwa ngokucophelela nangokuhlonipha iziguli zakhe utshela izindaba zabo zokulwa nezifo ezinzima ze-psyche (neuroses). Isiguli ngasinye sika-Oliver siyingqayizivele ngendlela yakhe emizamweni yakhe yokwakha ubuhlobo phakathi kobuchopho nokuqonda.
- " Ubuchopho bukhuluma. Yini eyenza sibe ngabantu " I-Ramachandran Izimfihlo ezingaqondakali zobuchopho, kulo msebenzi womfundi, izimpendulo zilindelwe imibuzo: kungani umntwana we-autistic ebhala izithombe ezidlula uLeonardo Da Vinci noMichelangelo, noma lapho kuvela khona imizwa yobubele nobuhle ebuchosheni.
- " Ngomsindo ofanayo. I-Neurobiology yezinhlobo ezihambelana "E. Banks, uL. Hirschman. Le ncwadi ilandisa ngezindlela ezine ze-neural, ezithuthuka lapho umuntu ehambelana kahle nabanye abantu kanye namafomu kuye ngokwakhe ukuzola, amandla, ukwamukelwa kanye nokuhlaziywa.
- " Ubunjabulo nenjabulo. Izimfihlakalo Ze- Neuropsychology Yanamuhla »R. Hanson, R. Mendius. Incwadi-synthesis, ihlanganisa psychology kanye neurology, iqukethe izindlela zokuzihlaziya.
I-Neuropsychology - amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Isayensi eyinkimbinkimbi neyinkimbinkimbi ye-neuropsychology, lapho ifunda izakhiwo zomqondo nomsebenzi wengqondo yokuphila, ihlale yenza izinto ezithakazelisayo, nansi amanye amaqiniso aqakathekileko:
- Ubuchopho buzifunda ngokwayo.
- Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, inani lama-neuron pulses landa izikhathi ezingu-250 000.
- Umuntu usebenzisa izinsizakalo eziningi zobuchopho ekuxazululeni izinkinga njengoba kudingwa okwamanje, ngakho-ke inganekwane yokusebenzisa kuphela u-10% wengqondo ayiqinisekisi ngokwesayensi.
- Inkumbulo yabantu ayihambisani nokucabanga okulinganayo kanye nokucabanga, futhi ukukhumbula kangcono ulwazi kwanoma yikuphi ukuhleleka kubalulekile ukudala izithombe, ukwakha uchungechunge lokuhlanganiswa - ngakho imemori iqeqeshiwe.
- Ngesikhathi ugwaya ugwayi, ubuchopho bubona ukuthi i-nicotine iyinto elawulayo ekucabangeni futhi kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwempahla yangaphakathi elawula ukucabanga, kodwa njengoba umthwalo ukwanda, ubuchopho buqala ukukhiqiza izinto eziningi, ngaphandle kubonakala ngokuqala ukubhema kuze kube amaphakethe amabili ngosuku (kwandisa umthamo we-nicotine) - kuvela umkhuba.