Ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle - kubonakala sengathi kuyisici esedlule futhi kufanele kuhambisane nalokho, kodwa iqiniso lanamuhla liwukuthi uhlobo oluthile noma olunye uhlobo oluhle emphakathini lukhona nanamuhla futhi lokhu kubangela ukungabi nabulungisa kulabo bantu abathintekayo ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle.
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo - kuyini?
Ukungalingani kwezinga lomphakathi kwaba khona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo zokuziphendukela kwabantu. Umlando wamazwe ahlukene usebenza njengobufakazi obucacile bokuthi ukuholela ekucindezelweni nasekugqilazweni kwabantu - lezi ziyi-mutinies, izimpikiswano zindlala, izimpi kanye nezinguquko. Kodwa lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, okushiwo yigazi akufundisi lutho. Yebo, manje sekuthathe ifomu elifakiwe, elimboziwe. Kuyini ukungalingani kwezenhlalo okuvezwe ngaphakathi futhi kumelelani namhlanje?
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu noma ukuhlukanisa abantu emakilasini, emiphakathini noma ngamaqembu, ngokusho kwesimo sabo emphakathini, okusho ukusetshenziswa okungalingani kwamathuba, izinzuzo namalungelo. Uma ukungalingani kwezenhlalo kuboniswa ngendlela ehlelekile ngesimo sezinga, khona-ke emazingeni aphansi kakhulu kuyoba nokucindezelwa, abampofu, nangaphezu kwabacindezeli futhi abacebile , labo abanamandla namandla imali ezandleni zabo. Lesi yisibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokwehlukaniswa komphakathi kwabampofu nabacebile. Kunezinye izinkomba zokungalingani kwezenhlalo.
Izimbangela zokungalingani kwezenhlalo
Ziyini izimbangela zokungalingani kwezenhlalo? Abacwaningi babona imbangela ebangelwa ukulingana okungalingani nempahla nokusabalalisa kwengcebo ngokujwayelekile. I-R. Michels (isazi sezenhlalakahle saseJalimane) wabona isizathu sokunikezela amalungelo namandla amakhulu ku-apparatus kahulumeni, okhethwe ngabantu abanjalo. Izimbangela zokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle ngokwemibono yomFulentshi wezenhlalo waseFrance E. Durkheim:
- Ukukhuthaza abantu abaletha inzuzo enkulu emphakathini, okungcono kakhulu ebhizinisini labo.
- Izimfanelo zomuntu siqu kanye namathalenta omuntu, azinikeze emphakathini jikelele.
Izinhlobo zokungalingani kwezenhlalo
Amafomu okungalingani kwezenhlalo ahlukile, ngakho-ke kunezigaba eziningana. Izinhlobo zokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle ngezici zomzimba:
- ubudala - kusebenza kubo bonke abantu ngezikhathi ezithile zeminyaka, lokhu kungalandelwa lapho kuqashelwa, abantu abasha abathathwa ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi, abantu asebekhulile, abanokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okukhulu, bathathelwa indawo abasha, bethembisa kakhulu ukusuka ekubukeni kwabaphathi babo;
- ukungalingani ngokocansi kwezenhlalakahle - lapha kungenzeka ukucabangela into efana nokucwaswa kwabesifazane , okuvezwe ukuthi abambalwa abesifazane abaphethe izindleko ezithintekayo ekuphileni komnotho wezwe, lona wesifazane unikezwa indima "yomyeni wakhe";
- ukungalingani kwezenhlalo - izinhlanga ezincane, lezo ezingeyona ingxenye "yomjaho omhlophe" ikakhulukazi zicindezelwe ngenxa yezimo ezinjengokucwaswa kwabantu nokucwasa.
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo ngokuphathelene nesimo emphakathini:
- ukungabi nalutho / ukutholakala kwengcebo;
- ukusondela emandleni.
Ukubonakaliswa kokungafani komphakathi
Izibonakaliso eziyinhloko zokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle ziyabonakala kuleso simo njengokuhlukaniswa komsebenzi. Imisebenzi yabantu ihlukile futhi umuntu ngamunye unikezwa ngamakhono namakhono, ikhono lokukhula. Ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kubonakala njengokubuyisela kwamalungelo kulabo abanamakhono amaningi futhi abathembisayo emphakathini. Ukwakhiwa kwemiphakathi noma ukuqhathaniswa (kusukela ngegama elithi "strata" - i-geological stratum) ukulungiswa kwesitebhisi esinqunyiwe, ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, futhi uma ngaphambili beyizigqila nabanikazi bezigqila, amakhosi amakhosi kanye nezinceku, khona-ke okwamanje isigaba saba:
- iklasi eliphakeme;
- isigaba esiphakathi;
- abampofu (abasengozini emphakathini);
- ngaphesheya kobubha.
Imiphumela yokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle nobubha, okubangelwa ukuthi imithombo esemqoka yeplanethi ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngabakhethiweyo eyenza izingxabano nezimpi phakathi kwabantu. Imiphumela ikhula kancane kancane futhi ibonakala ekuthuthukiseni kancane kwamazwe amaningi, lokhu kuholela ekutheni inqubekela phambili emnothweni iyancipha, intando yeningi njengohlelo lulahlekelwa yizikhundla zalo, ukungezwani, ukunganeliseki, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kukhula emphakathini. Ngokusho kwe-UN, ingxenye yesigamu sezinsizakalo zomhlaba ingu-1% we-okuthiwa i-elite ephezulu (ukubusa komhlaba).
Izinzuzo zokungafani komphakathi
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle emphakathini njengento engabonakali izakhiwo ezimbi kuphela, uma sicabanga ukuthi ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kuvela eceleni, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele izinto ezibalulekile, uma ubheke ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi konke "kunendawo yokuba ngaphansi kweSanga". Izinzuzo zokungafani komphakathi kumuntu:
- ukugqugquzela ukuba kube ngcono ebhizinisini lakho, ukwandisa amakhono akho namakhono akho;
- isisusa kulabo abafuna ukuvela ebuphofu ;
- eyala emkhakheni wezomnotho, labo abanemali enkulu yokukhiqiza izinsiza, ngokungafani nalabo abangenayo imali enkulu futhi bakwazi ukuzondla ngokwabo kanye nemindeni yabo.
Izibonelo zokungafani komphakathi emlandweni
Izibonelo zokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle noma izinhlelo ze-stratification:
- Ubugqila yizinga eligqamile lokugqilazwa, uhlobo lokuqala lokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle ezaziwa kusukela esikhathini esidala.
- I-Caste . Uhlobo lwe-stratification oluye lwakha emphakathini kusukela esikhathini esidala, lapho ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kwakunqunywe yi-caste, ingane eyayizalwa kusukela ekuzalweni kwayo yayiyi-caste ethile. E-India, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukuzalwa komuntu e-caste kuncike ezenzweni zakhe esikhathini esidlule. Ama-castes angu-4 kuphela: ama-brahmanas aphezulu, ama-kshatriyas - amaqhawe, ama-vaisyas - abathengisi, abathengisi, ama-sudras - abalimi (i-caste ephansi).
- Izakhiwo . Izitezi eziphakeme - abahlonishwayo nabafundisi banelungelo elingokomthetho lokudlulisa impahla ngefa. Isigaba esingenamthetho - abadwebi, abalimi.
Izinhlobo zanamuhla zokungalingani kwezenhlalakahle
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle emphakathini wanamuhla kuyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke imbono yezenhlalakahle yomsebenzi ibheka ukucabangela ngendlela enhle. Isazi sezenhlalakahle saseMelika B. Barber wabelane ngezinhlobo zanamuhla zokuqhathaniswa kwezenhlalakahle, ngokusekelwe ku-6 criteria:
- Umsebenzi wokuhlonipha.
- Ubukhona bamandla.
- Imfuyo nemali engenayo.
- Ukuhlanganyela kwezenkolo.
- Ukuba khona kwemfundo, ulwazi.
- Ngokuphathelene nalokhu noma lelohlanga, isizwe.
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo emhlabeni
Inkinga yokungalingani kwezenhlalo ukuthi ukucwasa ubuhlanga, ukucwaswa kwabantu, nokucwaswa okusekelwe ebulili kuyenziwa. Isimangalo esibonisa kakhulu ukungalingani kwezenhlalo emhlabeni wonke kuyinzuzo ehlukene yabantu. Izici ezithonya ukucabangela emphakathini emhlabeni jikelele zihlala zifana neminyaka eminingi edlule:
- indlela yokuphila - edolobheni noma emaphandleni, iqiniso eliyaziwayo ukuthi emadolobheni ukukhokhelwa kwemisebenzi kungaphansi kwedolobha, futhi izimo zivame ukubi kakhulu, futhi umsebenzi ukhulu kakhulu;
- izindima zomphakathi (umama, ubaba, uthisha, isikhulu) - anqume isimo, udumo, khona kwamandla, impahla;
- ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi - abasebenzi abasebenza ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo bakhokhwa ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Ingabe ukungalingani kwezenhlalo kususwe?
Umlando obhalwe emadokhumweni akwazi isikhathi lapho kungabi khona ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemiphakathi ibe yintambo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kukhona ukuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo, ngenxa yalokho abantu abahlupheka ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi kanye nomsebenzi wabantu abanamandla okulwela ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi, hhayi ukuqhuma izinqubo zezomnotho nokwandisa ububha phakathi kwabantu. Izindlela zokunqoba ukungalingani kwezenhlalo:
- ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi ;
- ukutholakala kwemithi ephezulu yekhwalithi nemfundo;
- ukusiza abampofu nabakhubazekile;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwezenzo ezijwayelekile, imithetho, isinxephezelo semali, ukuvikela umkhondo womphakathi ongenqandekile (abaqaphi, abakhubazekile, omama abangashadile);
- ukuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokusebenzela kubantu abakhubazekile;
- ukuhlinzeka ngamathuba alinganayo kokubili amadoda nabesifazane ekuqeshweni.