Izifo ezithathelwanayo yizifo ezijwayelekile kakhulu zezifo. Ngokwezibalo, wonke umuntu unesifo esithathelwanayo okungenani kanye ngonyaka. Isizathu salokhu ukusabalala kwalezi zifo sisezinhlobonhlobo zabo, ukutheleleka okukhulu nokuphikisana nezici zangaphandle.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ngokwemodi yokudluliswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo kuqhubekile: i-airborne, i-fecal-oral, i-domestic, i-transmissible, contact, i-transplacental. Ezinye zezifo zingathintana namaqembu ahlukene ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngoba zingadluliselwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Esikhundleni sendawo, izifo ezithathelwanayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane:
- Izifo ezithathelwanayo zamathumbu, lapho i-pathogen iphila futhi ikhula emathunjini. Izifo zaleli qembu zihlanganisa: i-salmonellosis, umkhuhlane we-typhoid, isisu, isifo sekholera, i-botulism.
- Izifo zesimiso sokuphefumula, lapho i-membrane yamangcwaba ye-nasopharynx, i-trachea, i-bronchi namaphaphu ethinteka khona. Leli yiqembu elivame kakhulu lezifo ezithathelwanayo, okubangela izimo zobhubhane minyaka yonke. Leli qembu lihlanganisa: i-ARVI, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-influenza, i-diphtheria, i-chicken pox, i-angina.
- Izifo zesikhumba zithunyelwa nge-touch. Lokhu kuhlanganisa: ama-rabies, i-tetanus, i-anthrax, i-erysipelas.
- Izifo zegazi, ezithunyelwa yizinambuzane kanye nokuphathwa kabi kwezokwelapha. I-agent ye-Causative ihlala e-lymph negazi. Ukutheleleka kwegazi kuhlanganisa: i-typhus, isifo, isifo sofuba, isibindi se-encephalitis.
Izici zezifo ezithathelwanayo
Izifo ezithathelwanayo zinezici ezivamile. Ezifweni ezihlukene ezithathelwanayo, lezi zici zizibonakalisa ngokwazo ngezinga elihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ukuhlukahluka kwenkukhu yenkukhu kungafinyelela ku-90%, futhi kutholakala ukuzivikela komzimba, kanti ukutheleleka kwe-ARVI kungaba ngu-20% futhi kwakha isikhashana. Okuvamile kuzo zonke izifo ezithathelwanayo yizici ezinjalo:
- Ukutheleleka, okungabangela ubhubhane kanye nezimo zengculazi.
- Ukuhamba kwenkinga yesifo: isikhathi sokukhushulwa, ukubukeka kwesifo, isikhathi esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukukhululeka kwesifo, ukutakula.
- Izimpawu ezivamile zibandakanya umkhuhlane, ukushisa okuvamile, ukubola, ikhanda.
- Ukwakhiwa kokuzivikela komzimba ngokuphathelene nesifo.
Izimbangela zezifo ezithathelwanayo
Isizathu esiyinhloko sezifo ezithathelwanayo kukhona amagciwane: amagciwane, amabhaktheriya, ama-prions kanye nezifungi, noma kunjalo, kuzo zonke izimo, ukungena kwe-agent eyingozi kuholela ekuthuthukiseni lesi sifo. Kulokhu, izinto ezinjalo zizoba zibalulekile:
- yiziphi izifo ezithathelwanayo ezithathelwanayo;
- zingaki ama-agent angena emzimbeni;
- iyini inhlamba ye-microbe;
- yini isimo somzimba jikelele nesimo sesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela komuntu.
Izikhathi zezifo ezithathelwanayo
Kusukela ngesikhathi i-pathogen engena emzimbeni futhi kuze kube yilapho ukuphumula okuphelele kuthatha isikhathi esithile. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi umuntu udlula ngezikhathi ezinjalo zesifo esithathelwanayo:
- Isikhathi sokugxilwa yisikhathi phakathi kokungena kwe-agent engozi emzimbeni kanye nokuqala kwesenzo saso esisebenzayo. Le nkathi isukela emahoreni amaningana kuya eminyakeni eminingana, kepha kuvame izinsuku ezingu-2-3.
- Isikhathi esiphezulu sibonakala ngokubonakala kwezimpawu kanye nesithombe esitholakalayo somtholampilo.
- Isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwesifo , lapho izimpawu zesifo zikhuliswa ngayo.
- Isikhathi sokushisa , lapho izimpawu zibonakaliswa ngokugqamile ngangokunokwenzeka.
- Isikhathi sokuqedwa - izimpawu ziyancipha, isimo sithuthuka.
- Eksodusi. Ngokuvamile kuyabuyiselwa - ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kwezibonakaliso zesifo. Umphumela ungase uhluke futhi: ukushintshela kwifomu elingapheli, ukufa, ukubuyela emuva.
Ukusakazwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo
Izifo ezithathelwanayo zidluliselwa ngezindlela ezinjalo:
- Ukudonsa umoya- uma ukhalaza, ukukhwehlela, uma izinhlayiya zamathe nengenakhamzimba zihanjiswa umuntu onempilo. Ngale ndlela, kukhona ukusakazeka okukhulu kwezifo ezithathelwanayo phakathi kwabantu.
- Ama-fecal-oral - ama-microbes adluliselwa ngokudla okungcolile, izandla ezingcolile.
- Isihloko - ukudluliselwa kokutheleleka kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izinto zasendlini, izitsha, amathawula, izingubo, izinsimbi zokulala.
- Umthombo oguqulwayo wokutheleleka uyinambuzane.
- Ukuthintana - ukudluliselwa kokutheleleka kwenzeka ngokuxhumana kocansi kanye negazi elinegciwane.
- I-Transplacental - umama osulelekile uhambisa ukutheleleka kwengane ku-utero.
Ukuhlonza izifo ezithathelwanayo
Njengoba izinhlobo zezifo ezithathelwanayo zivame kakhulu futhi ziningi, odokotela kufanele basebenzise isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi yezindlela zokwelapha kanye ne-laboratory-instrumental ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa okulungile. Esikhathini sokuqala sokuxilongwa, inendima ebalulekile idlalwe yiqoqo le-anamnesis: umlando wezifo zangaphambilini kanye nalokhu, izimo zokuphila nomsebenzi. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa, ukwenza i-anamnesis nokubeka isifo sokuqala, udokotela ubeka ucwaningo lwesayensi. Kuncike ekuhloleni okulindelekile, kungaba ukuhlolwa kwegazi okuhlukene, ukuhlolwa kweseli nokuvivinya isikhumba.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo - Uhlu
Izifo ezithathelwanayo ziyizikhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izifo. Ama-causative agents of this group of diseases kukhona amagciwane ahlukahlukene, amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, ama-prions nama-parasites. Izifo ezithathelwanayo eziyinhloko yizifo ezinezinga eliphezulu lokutheleleka. Okuvamile kakhulu izifo ezithathelwanayo:
- ukutheleleka komzila ophansi wokuphefumula;
- izifo zamathumbu;
- I-ARVI;
- I-HIV;
- isifo sofuba;
- ukushisa kwesibindi B;
- isifo somuthi ;
- I-Candidiasis;
- i-toxoplasmosis;
- salmonellosis.
Izifo zamabhaktheriya ohlwini lwabantu
Izifo zebhaktheriya ziyadluliselwa ngezilwane ezithathelwanayo, umuntu ogulayo, ukudla okungcolile, izinto namanzi. Zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezintathu:
- Izifo zomzimba. Ejwayelekile kakhulu ehlobo. Kubangelwa ama-bacteria we-genus Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli. Izifo ezisemathunjini zihlanganisa: umkhuhlane we-typhoid, i-paratyphoid, ukudla okuyi-toxicinfection, i-dysentery, i-escherichiosis, i-campylobacteriosis.
- Izifo zokuphefumula. Zitholakala ezindaweni eziphefumulayo futhi zingaba nezinkinga zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane: FLU ne-ARVI. Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane okuphefumula kukhona: i-angina, i-tonsillitis, i-sinusitis, i-tracheitis, i-epiglottitis, i-pneumonia.
- Izifo ze-integument yangaphandle ezibangelwa yi-streptococci kanye ne-staphylococci. Lesi sifo singenzeka ngenxa ye-ingress ye-bacteria eyingozi esikhumbeni esivela ngaphandle noma ngenxa yokuphulwa kwesilinganiso se-bacteria esikhumba. Ukutheleleka kwaleli qembu yi: impetigo, carbuncles, furuncles, erysipelas.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo - uhlu
Izifo zegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ziyasakazeka kakhulu futhi zivame kakhulu. Umthombo wesifo igciwane elidluliselwa kumuntu ogulayo noma isilwane. Ama-agent aphethwe yizifo ezithathelwanayo asakazeka ngokushesha futhi angafinyelela kubantu ensimini enkulu, okuholela ekubhekaneni nezifo ezibhekene nezifo. Zizibonakalisa ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sekwindla-entwasahlobo, ehambisana nezimo zesimo sezulu nokuphila kwabantu ababuthakathaka. Izifo eziyishumi ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- I-ARVI;
- umkhuhlane ;
- i-rabies;
- inkukhu;
- i-hepatitis yegciwane;
- ukutheleleka kwe-cytomegalovirus ;
- i-herpes simplex;
- i-mononucleosis esithathelwanayo;
- i-rubella;
- i-pneumonia yegciwane .
Izifo ze-fungal
Izifo ezithathelwanayo zesikhumba zesikhumba zithunyelwa ngokuxhumana ngokuqondile nangenxa yezinto ezingcolile nezingubo. Ukutheleleka okunengi kwe-fungal kunezibonakaliso ezifanako, ngakho-ke ukuhlathululelwa kwesithombeni se-scrapings kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuhlonza. Izifo ezijwayelekile ze-fungal zifaka:
- I-Candidiasis;
- i-keratomycosis: i-lichen ne-trichosporia;
- i-dermatomycosis: i-mycosis, i-favus;
- i-pyoderma : i-furunculosis, izilonda;
- exanthema: i-papilloma ne-herpes.
Izifo ze-protozoal
Izifo ze-protozoal izifo ezibangelwa i-protozoa ye-parasitic. Phakathi kwezifo ze-protozoal zivamile: i-amoebiasis, i-giardiasis, i-toxoplasmosis ne-malaria. Abathwali bokutheleleka yizilwane ezifuywayo, imfuyo, umiyane we-malaria, izimpukane zaseTzece. Izimpawu zalezi zifo zifana nezifo zamathumbu emathunjini namathumbu, kodwa kwezinye izifo isifo singahamba ngaphandle kwempawu. Ukucacisa ukuxilongwa, ukuxilongwa kwe-laboratory yezintambo, igazi le-smear noma umchamo kuyadingeka.
Izifo ze-Prion
Phakathi kwezifo ze-prion, ezinye zezifo ziyasakazeka. Amaprotheni anesakhiwo esishintshileyo, angene emzimbeni kanye nokudla okungcolile, ngezandla ezingcolile, izinsimbi ezingelapheki, izinsimbi ezingcolile ezinqolobaneni. Izifo ezithathelwanayo ze-Prion ziyizifo ezimbi kakhulu ezingaziboleki ekwelapheni. Lezi zihlanganisa: i-Creutzfeldt-Jakob isifo, i-kuru, ukulahla komndeni okubulalayo, i-Gerstman-Straussler-Sheinker syndrome. Izifo ze-Prion zithinta isimiso sezinzwa nobuchopho, okuholela ekudemeni kwengqondo.
Izifo eziyingozi kakhulu
Izifo ezithathelwanayo eziyingozi kakhulu izifo lapho ithuba lokuthola khona liyingxenye yephesenti. Izifo ezinhlanu eziyingozi kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Isifo se-Kreutzfeldt-Jakob, noma i-spongiform encephalopathy. Lesi sifo esiyinqaba esidalwa yi-prion isuswe esilwaneni kuya kubantu, siholela ekulimazeni komqondo nokufa.
- I-HIV. Igciwane lokuzivivinya umzimba alibulali kuze kube yilapho selidlule esigabeni esilandelayo - i- AIDS .
- AmaRabi. Ukwelashwa kwalesi sifo kunokwenzeka ngokugoma, kuze kuvele izimpawu ze- rabies . Ukubonakala kwezimpawu kubonisa ukuthi ukufa kuseduze.
- Umkhuhlane we-Hemorrhagic. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iqembu lezifo ezishisayo, okuphakathi kwazo okutholakele kakhulu futhi okungelapheki.
- Isifo. Lesi sifo, esake sagcwalisa amazwe wonke, manje asivamile futhi singelashwa ngama-antibiotics. Kunezinye izinhlobo zezifo ezibulalayo.
Ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo
Ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo kuqukethe izingxenye ezinjalo:
- Thuthukisa ukuvikelwa komzimba. Uma kunamandla omzimba omuntu, kancane kancane uzogula futhi aphulukise ngokushesha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kubalulekile ukuhola indlela yokuphila enempilo, udle kahle, ukudlala imidlalo, uphumule ngokugcwele, zama ukuzethemba. Umphumela omuhle wokwenza ngcono igciwane lesandulela ngculazi kunzima.
- Ukugonywa. Ngenkathi yezifo ze-epidemics, umphumela omuhle unikeza ukugoma okuhloswe ngokumelene nomkhuhlane othile. Ukugonywa ngezifo ezithile (isishukela, imifino, i-rubella, i-diphtheria, i-tetanus) ifakwe esimisweni sokugoma okudingekayo.
- Ukuvikelwa kokuxhumana. Kubalulekile ukugwema abantu abathintekayo, sebenzisa izindlela zokuzivikela ngesikhathi sezifo ze-epidemics, njalo ugeza izandla.