Izindlela ezehlukene zolwazi lwesayensi zisetshenziselwa ucwaningo. Bamele isethi ethile yemigomo ejwayelekile yombono womhlaba esetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinkinga zesimo esiwusizo nesayensi. Basebenzisa indlela emasayini ahlukahlukene kanye nemigomo yokuphila.
Amafomu nezindlela zolwazi lwesayensi
Indlela yokwenza umqondo omningi onesakhiwo esibanzi. Kunesigaba esiyisisekelo sezindlela zolwazi lwesayensi, okufaka amaqembu amathathu amakhulu:
- Izindlela zomhlaba wonke zefilosofi zichaza ukuhlelwa kwesicelo sabo kanye nesimo sokubuka kwezwe. Kuzo zithwala izimiso eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo kanye nokwamukela ukulungiswa kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi.
- Izindlela ezejwayelekile zesayense zisetshenziselwa izayensi eziningi, kodwa azinawo wonke amazwe. Zazihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo zezinhlamvu zemfundiso.
- Amasu akhethekile asetshenziswa eziningana zesayensi, ezisetshenziselwa kuphela lezi sayensi. Isibonelo, imodeli yezomnotho ibhekisela kwisayensi yezomnotho kuphela.
Izindlela zefilosofi yolwazi lwesayensi
Leli qembu lezindlela lihlukaniswa uhlobo olujwayelekile lwesicelo futhi lusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya izimo zemvelo, izinqubo zomphakathi kanye nezinqumo zomuntu eziwusizo. Kunamazinga ahlukahlukene nezindlela zokwaziswa kwesayensi, kodwa ngokwemvelo kunezinhlobo ezimbili: i-dialectical and metaphysical. Kanye nabo, ezinye izindlela zefilosofi zisetshenziswa: intuition, hermeneutical kanye nabanye. Zonke lezi zindawo zivumelekile futhi zibalulekile kuhlaka lomqondo wazo.
Indlela yokwehla kwesayensi yolwazi
Ngalesi sihloko siyaqonda uhlelo oluthile lwezimiso nemithetho esetshenziselwa ukutadisha nokuguqulwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene kanye nezimo zeqiniso. Izindlela zezesayensi yolwazi emhlabeni jikelele zihlanganisa izimiso eziningana:
- Ukusebenzisana . Kubonisa ukuthi emhlabeni akukho izinto ezikude ngokuphelele. Ukuze ukwazi into ethile ukuthi kuyadingeka ukunquma indawo yayo ohlelweni lwezinto ezixhunyiwe kanye nezimo ezizungezile.
- Okucacile . Isekelwe emisebenzini yokucabangela eyenza ukulandelana okunjalo: ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile ngale ndaba, ukuzimisela kwamaqiniso kanye nezenzakalo ezingeni lezinqubo ezijulile, incazelo yendawo yonke kanye nokuhlonza okunye nokunye.
- Ukucabangela izinto nezinto ezivela ezinhlangothini ezahlukene . Indlela yolwazi lwesayensi ibonisa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuqonda kahle incazelo nenhloso yanoma iyiphi into ngaphandle kokucatshangisisa ngokucophelela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, ukuhlaziywa kobudlelwano neminye imingcele.
- I-Historicism . Kusho ukuthi ukucubungula into into ekuthuthukiseni kwayo, ukubukeka nokuguquka ngesikhathi.
- I-Contradictions . Ibonisa umthombo oyinhloko kanye wokugcina yentuthuko. Yenza abantu bakwazi ukuguquguquka kwengqondo, ikhono lokuhlola ngokwanele izinguquko, ukusheshisa noma ukunciphisa izinqubo futhi banqume amathuba okuthuthukiswa.
Indlela yokusebenzisa imetaphysical of cognition
Ukucabanga, okusebenzisa imiqondo emaceleni kanye namaqhwa, kubhekwa njengemetaphysical. Izici eziyinhloko zalolu daba zihlanganisa ubuciko obulodwa, ukuphelelisa, ukunyanyisa kwesinye noma olunye uhlangothi. Efilosofi, izindlela zesayensi yesayensi zinemigomo eminingana nangobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo:
- Konke okuzungezile kufanele kucatshangwe ngokwehlukana, lokho kuzimela ngaphandle komunye nomunye.
- Ukungaqiniseki kuqinisekiswa, okungukuthi, ukuphelela kwazo zonke izixhumanisi emhlabeni.
- Izinguquko ezenzeka ngezinto ezifakiwe zibhekwa njengendlela yokukhula noma ukuphindaphinda kwalokho okuye kwadlula.
- Umthombo wenguquko kuphela ukuphikisana kwamandla angaphandle aphikisanayo.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili zezindlela zokuzivumelanisa nokuziqonda kwesayensi:
- I-Sophistry . Ukwamukelwa, okufakazela ukusetshenziswa okungaqondakali kolwazi olungelona iqiniso ezimweni eziphikisanayo, okukhishwa iqiniso. Lokhu kwenziwa ngamabomu.
- Eclecticism . Indlela yokwenza izinto, okubandakanya ukuxhumeka kwemicabango ehlukene futhi engavumelaniyo, amaqiniso, njalo njalo.
Izindlela zobukhosi zesayensi yesayensi
Lelizinga lolwazi lwesayensi lusekelwe ekutadisheni okujulile kokuthile okuthandayo. Kulokhu, ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa okuningi kusetshenziswa. Izindlela zombhalo wokuqondisa kwesayensi zilungisa izici ezibalulekile zento yophenyo, okungaqinisekiswa ngokwenzayo. Izindlela ezinjalo zisetshenziselwa ukutadisha umhlaba ozungezile, kodwa zisekelwe ekuzwayo kanye nedatha enembile yezinto zokulinganisa. Izindlela zokwaziswa zesayensi zisetshenziselwa ukutadisha izinto ezihlukahlukene kanye nokutholakala okusha.
Ukuqaphela njengendlela yokwazi lwesayensi
Lolu hlobo lokubheka luhlukaniswa nomlingisi omude wesifundo. Ubhekene nenhloso, ukuqiniseka nokuhlukile. Izindlela eziyinhloko zolwazi lwesayensi zihlanganisa ukubonwa ngokusekelwe kwesimo esithize futhi ukurekhoda amaqiniso atholakalayo. Inemisebenzi yabo: inikeza ulwazi kumuntu, yenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa nokuqinisekisa imiphumela etholakale ngenxa yezifundo zokuqala ezenziwe ngombono.
Ukuhlolwa njengendlela yokwazi lwesayensi
Leli gama liqondwa njengezenzo ezisebenzayo zomuntu ezihlose ukushintsha inqubo ayifunayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kuhlanganisa ukuqopha kwezinguquko kwinqubo nokukhiqizwa kwayo. Wonke amazinga, izindlela, izinhlobo zokuqanjwa kwezesayensi zixhunyaniswe kakhulu nokuhlolwa okudinga umzamo ongaphezu kokubheka. Inqubo yokufunda ihilela ukudala izimo ezihlukene ukuze kungabikho ithonya elihle. Izindlela eziningi zolwazi lwesayense zinezigaba, futhi ukuhlolwa akuhlukile:
- Okokuqala, ukwakhiwa nokwenziwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo kwenziwa ucwaningo. Kulesi sigaba, umgomo, kusho nokunye kunqunywa.
- Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa, okwenziwa ngaphansi kokulawula okuphelele.
- Uma isigaba esisebenzayo sigcwalisiwe, ukuchazwa kwemiphumela kuqala.
Izindlela zolwazi lwesayensi - ukuqhathanisa
Lolu hlobo locwaningo lusetshenziselwa ukukhomba izici ezivamile noma ezihlukile ezihlobene nendaba ethize noma into ethile. Zonke izindlela nezindlela zolwazi lwesayensi kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile futhi, uma kuqhathaniswa, kunezinto ezimbili: ucwaningo luqhutshwa phakathi kwezinto ezinesici esijwayelekile kanye nokuqhathanisa abasebenzisi zonke izibonakaliso zezinto nezimo, kodwa kuphela ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqhathanisa kungaqaliswa ngezindlela ezinjalo:
- Ngokuqondile . Isetshenziswe uma kungekho into yesithathu, okungukuthi, ukubhekisela.
- Akuqondile . Kulokhu, izimfanelo ziqhathaniswa nokuthile okubhekwa njengokuhle.
Izindlela ezejwayelekile zesayensi yolwazi lwesayensi
Ukumela inkambo yolwazi kuzo zonke izazi zesayensi, kuyisiko ukusebenzisa izindlela zesayensi jikelele. Bahlukanisa amaphethini avamile, isibonelo, ucwaningo, ukubhekwa, ukulinganisa, indlela engafaneleki njalo njalo. Izindlela zomhlaba wonke zolwazi lwesayensi zihlanganisa logizo olusetshenziswa yibo bonke abantu. Izifundo zenziwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa nezinye izindlela.
Ukwenyuka nokudonswa, njengendlela yezolwazi
Izindlela ezimbili ezinikeziwe zinexhumano lwama-indissoluble komunye nomunye futhi alukwazi ukunyusa ukubaluleka komunye ngokunciphisa indima yenye. Umqondo wendlela yolwazi lwesayensi ichaza ukubaluleka kokudonswa, njengokushintshwa kolwazi oluvela ekuqondeni jikelele kumuntu ngamunye kanye nomuntu ngamunye. Kulokhu, ulwazi olujwayelekile olukhona lusetshenziswa njengengqalasizinda yokucabanga. Ukukhishwa kunamandla amakhulu okukholisa, futhi kusetshenziselwa ukufaka imibhalo ehlukahlukene emkhakheni.
Izindlela zokwaziswa kwezesayensi zihlanganisa ukungena, okuqondwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwenqubo yokwaziswa okuvela emininingwaneni jikelele, okungukuthi, inqubo eguqukayo ekudonsweni. Isetshenziswa uma kudingekile ukukhiqiza imiphumela etholakala ekubonweni nasekuhlolweni. Inhloso eyinhloko yokwehliswa kwenzelwa ukwakha izahlulelo ezijwayelekile, isibonelo, ukucabanga, ukukhiqiza, izifundiswa, njalo njalo. Ukuzikhethela kwalendlela yokuqanjwa kwezesayensi kufaka phakathi umlingiswa wayo, okungukuthi, ukufaka isicelo akuqinisekisi ukutholakala kweqiniso.
Ukufanisa njengendlela yokwazi lwesayensi
Sebenzisa lolu hlobo locwaningo kusukela esikhathini esidala, futhi manje luya ezindaweni eziningi zesayensi. Kuqondwa njengendlela yokuthuthukisa, ukufunda nokusebenzisa amamodeli ahlukene. Izindlela zolwazi lwesayense yezwe inhlama zihlobene komunye nomunye, ngakho-ke, ngokufanisa, ukukhipha, ukufanisa, ukucabanga nokunye ukuxhumana. Isidingo sesicelo sabo sinqunywa ukuthi izinto eziningi azikwazi ukuphenywa noma zonke izinyathelo zizothatha okungaphezu kosuku olulodwa. Ukulinganisa kunamakhi anjalo: isihloko, into kanye nomodeli, ukuxhumanisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo.
Ukuhlaziywa nokwabelana, njengezindlela zesayensi yesayensi
Enye yezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa, okuqondwa njengokuhlukaniswa kwengqondo kwezinto zibe yizici ukuze ufunde isakhiwo sayo, izimfanelo, nezinye izilinganiso. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zolwazi lwesayensi futhi kulokhu kuhlaziywa kwamacala kusiza ukufinyelela eqinisweni. Njengokusebenza okunengqondo, ukuhlaziywa kufakiwe kuzo zonke ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi lisetshenziswe esigabeni sokuqala. Ukuhlaziywa kungasuka kulokho okushiwo yizinto ezibonakalayo futhi okusebenzayo engqondweni.
Izindlela zokwaziswa kwesayensi zihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa, okusho ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwengqondo kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe, izakhiwo kanye nezinye izici zento ezitholakala ngenxa yokuhlaziywa. Uchaza izici ezihlukile, futhi ukwahlukanisa kuqhathanisa jikelele, ohlanganisa izinto zibe yinye. Kungaphetha ngokuthi lezi zici ezimbili (ukuhlaziywa kanye nokwabelana) zixhumano, futhi zivela emisebenzini ehlukene yomsebenzi. Izindlela ezinjalo nezindlela zesayensi yesayensi yefilosofi kungaba:
- Ukuqondisa noma ukuloba . Kusetshenziswe esiteji sokuzijwayeza kokuqala nento. Ngosizo lokuhlaziywa kanye nokwabelana okunjalo kungenzeka ukuqonda izenzakalo zento ekhethiwe ukutadisha.
- Elementary-theory . Ngenxa yezindlela ezinikezwayo, kungenzeka ukuthi kunqume ukuthi yiyiphi into ebhekene nalokho okuphenywayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kuyokwazi ukunquma ubudlelwane obangela imbangela futhi ugcizelele amaphethini akhona.