Indlela yokukhulisa ukhukhamba iyaziwa yizo zonke izitshalo zemifino. Kodwa hhayi njalo umphumela uhambisana nomphumela olindelekile. Ukuvunwa okucebile kuwumvuzo wokukhutheka nokuziqhenya, uqaphela ukucabangela kwazo zonke izigaba zokulima kwalesi semifino esiphundu se-subtropical.
Ukhukhamba - ukutshala
Izimfihlo zamakhukhamba ezikhulayo zilula kakhulu. Yilezi:
- endaweni efanele;
- ukugcina izimo zokushisa ezilungile;
- izinyathelo zokuzivikela zokuvimbela izifo;
- inhlangano yokuphuza ngokugqoka okuphezulu.
Ikhukhamba ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezitshalwe ngepulahla eliseningizimu enhlabathini enhlabathini enhlabathini ene-reaction ne-acidic kancane. Kodwa ngisho indawo enhle kunazo zonke angeke ifike ekuthandeni kwesitshalo, uma ngaphambili kwakutshalwe ithanga, ikhabe, i-beetroot, i-sunflower noma utamatisi. Ungancoma ukuthi ama-agronomists akhule ukhukhamba endaweni eyodwa iminyaka emibili elandelanayo - lokhu kungaholela ekusakazeni kwezifo ezithile (i-fusarium wilt, anthracnose, bacteriosis).
Umbuso wokushisa kanye nomswakama kunquma indlela kanye nesikhathi sokutshala ikhukhamba. Ezindaweni ezifudumele, isivuno esihle siveza ukutshala kwembewu emhlabathini ovulekile. Indlela yokutshala inhle kakhulu ezindaweni eziphathelene nezesimo sezulu ngezinga eliphansi lokushisa. Le ndlela ibuyele kahle ngoba ikuvumela ukuthi uthole isivuno sokuqala - amasonto amabili izitshalo ezitshalwe ngezithombo ziphumele abafowabo abaphumile emhlabathini endaweni evulekile. I-order of magnitude kulula ukuhlinzeka ngesitshalo ngombuso wokushisa oyifunayo, ukukhanyisa nokuphuza endaweni yokushisa.
Ubuchwepheshe bekhukhamba ekhulayo - imibhede
Umhlabathi wekhukhamba udinga ukulungiselela ngokucophelela kusengaphambili. Ekwindla isayithi idinga ukulima futhi umanyolo we-organic, phosphoric and potassium. Entwasahlobo, lokhu akunakwenziwa, ngoba ukuhlushwa okukhulu kwezakhi kungalimaza izitshalo. Uma izinga le-acidity yenhlabathi landa, umquba womanyolo kufanele wengezwe. I-nitrogen fertilizer kufanele yenziwe entwasahlobo ngesikhathi kutshalwa inhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala nangesikhathi sokukhula kwesitshalo.
Ukulima nokunakekela ukhukhamba emhlabathini ovulekile kuzoletha imiphumela efanelekile ekulungiseleleni kahle imbewu. Izinto zokutshala kufanele ziphathwe ngokushisa, zifakwe ezincane ze-microelements futhi zifakwe. Imigomo yokuhlwanyela imifino kufanele iphuze - emaphethweni aphakathi kwesimo sezulu kufanele ayenziwe ngaphambi kuka-Meyi, lapho inhlabathi iqhuma kuze kube ngu-+15 ... + 17 ° С. Hlwanyela imbewu emithonjeni (ene-interval of 50-60 cm, etholakala emgqeni owodwa noma emibili). Imbewu 4-5 ifakwa emthonjeni ngamunye. Ukujula kokuhlwanyela kufinyelela ku-2 cm emhlabathini owuthile we-loamy, kuze kufike ku-4 cm - enhlabathini enesihlabathi esilula.
Ukukhuphula ikhukhamba izithombo
Izithombo eziqinisiwe, ezitshalwe emhlabathini, ziqala ukuthela izithelo ngaphambi kwamasonto amabili kunezitshalo ezikhulile ezivela imbewu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abalimi abaningi beloli bekhetha indlela yokutshala, ikakhulukazi kulezo zindawo zomoya lapho intwasahlobo ingaphazamisi ukushisa. Izithombo zokupheka ziqala kusengaphambili, ngoba zidinga ukutshala ekuqaleni kukaJune, kanti ngesikhathi sokutshala kulesi sitshalo kufanele kube amaqabunga ama-3-4 kanti iminyaka yayo kufanele ibe yizinsuku ezingu-20-25. Izimo ezifanele zokulima ikhukhamba izithombo:
- ibhodlela elilodwa elilodwa nenhlabathi enhle kanye nemigodi yamanzi - ukudubula ngayinye;
- indawo efudumele nekhazimulayo yokushisa kwemoya emini yi-20-22 ° C, ebusuku - 18-20 ° C;
- ukungabi khona kwemidwebo;
- ukuphuza okulinganiselwe ngaphandle kokwandisa nokumisa kwenhlabathi.
Ukulima kwamakhukhamba kusuka kumbewu
Ukuvuna okuhle kungenzeka uma uhlwanyela imbewu emhlabathini ovulekile. Kulesi simo, kufanele kunikezwe ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ekulungiseni izinto zokutshala:
- imbewu esetshenziselwa ukutshala eminyakeni engu-2-3 edlule;
- ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ziyalinganiswa - zigcwele futhi zikhulile isisombululo saline imizuzu emi-5-10 (isixazululo silungisiwe futhi sibalwa u-3 g usawoti ngam 100 ml amanzi), imbewu evele ephezulu isilahlwa;
- ukutshalwa kwamakhukhamba akukwenzi ngaphandle kokucwiliswa kwembewu ekuxazululeni izidakamizwa zokulwa namagciwane ("Fitosporin-M", "Baksis", isisombululo se-1% se-potassium permanganate);
- ngesilinganiso sezimboni, ukushiswa kwe-disinfection kwenziwa ngokushisa (ngezinsuku ezintathu i-inoculum igcinwe ekushiseni kwama-40 ° C noma ngosuku ngo-80 ° C);
- lapho etshalwe emhlabathini ompofu emhlabathini kufakwe emanzini (izikhukhula zokukhula - "Epin", "Zircon");
- ukuhlwanyela kuphela enhlabathini efudumele;
- enye i-algorithm, indlela yokukhulisa ukhukhamba futhi uyayinakekela, kuxhomeke ezimweni nezinhlobonhlobo.
Izindlela zokukhukhamba ukhukhamba
Kunezindlela eziningana zokukhula ukhukhamba. Zihlelwe ngaphambilini yizinhlobonhlobo, ukutholakala kwesikhala samahhala, ikhwalithi yenhlabathi, umbuso wokushisa kanye nezici zokunisela. Ezinye izindlela zokukhukhamba ezikhulayo zidinga izindleko ezengeziwe ekwakhiweni kwezigxobo nokuthengwa kweziqukathi ezikhethekile. Okuthandwa kakhulu ngabalimi yizindlela ezilandelayo:
- I-Vasstil. Ikhukhamba amahlumela asakaze wonke umbhede futhi asebenzise ngokugcwele ilanga. Ukungahambi kahle kwalendlela kuyindlela ephakeme yokulimaza iziqu nezimpande lapho kukhululeka inhlabathi nokuphuza.
- On the trellis. Izitshalo zitshalwe emigqeni emibili, izigxobo ziqhutshwa, futhi ucingo lwe-trellis lubekwe kubo. Lapho uphendula umbuzo ukuthi ungakhula kanjani ukhukhamba ngokushaya, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kulokhu kudingekile ukukhetha indawo evikelekile emoyeni nasezingxenyeni.
- Emibhawulweni. Indlela yokuqala yokulondoloza ukhukhamba okukhulayo isikhala emiphongolweni ibhekwa njengento entsha, kodwa isetshenziswe kakade phakathi kwabalimi nabalimi beloli. Imiphongolo igcwele utshani, umquba, umhlaba uthululwa phezulu, uphuzisa futhi umhlabathi ushiywe ukuma isonto. Bese utshala imbewu engu-5-8.
Izimo zokukhukhamba ukhukhamba
Ikhukhamba isitshalo esinothando lokushisa, ngeke sibekezelele amaqhwa, ngisho nokushisa kuka-10 ° C kungase kube yingozi kuyo. Umbuso omuhle wemifino ungama-25-30 ° C kanye nomswakama awukho ngaphansi kwama-70-80%. Ngesikhathi sokushisa kwe-15 ° C, ihlumela ukukhula kwayo. Ukuhlakulela kwamakhukhamba emhlabathini ovulekile kuthatha ukukhululeka kakhudlwana kwenhlabathi kanye nokwehlisa ukhula. Abalimi abanolwazi abanolwazi bafuna ukuthatha izinyathelo ezimbili zokugcina ngokufaka umhlabathi emhlabathini .
Ukulima kwekhukhamba enhlabathini - ukuchelela
Ngaphambi kokuqala kwesikhathi semifino, lesi sitshalo kufanele siphuze ngokwemvelo ngesilinganiso samalitha angu-4-6 ngehora elilodwa lemibili emva kwezinsuku ezingu-5-6, isikhukhula esinezimbali nezitshalo sidinga ukugaya kakhulu - 6-12 amalitha njalo ngosuku. Ukunisela kufanele kwenziwe ngamanzi afudumele futhi kusihlwa kuphela. Ukuze ugweme ukulimaza uhlelo lwempande, ungasebenzisa amathini namanzi. Ukukhula nokunakekela ukhukhamba ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kusho ukwehlisa imvamisa yokuphuza. Ukwanda komswakama emhlabathini ocolile kungaholela ekwakheni izimpande ezibola.
Amathiphu okukhukhamba okukhulayo - ukugqoka okuphezulu
Ukukhulelwa njalo kubonakala ohlwini lwezimfihlo zokutshala ukhukhamba. Ukuba nesimiso sezinto ezibuthakathaka, isitshalo sidinga umthombo owengeziwe wezinto eziwusizo, ezicebile kumanyolo eziphilayo. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kuqala kwenziwa ekuqaleni kwemifula, ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-fruiting - zonke izinsuku ezingu-10-15. Njengomanyolo, ungasebenzisa isisombululo sezinyoni zezinyoni (kuhlanjululwa emanzini 1:20) noma i- mullein (ngesilinganiso se-1:10). Njengoba ukhula ngaphansi kwehlathini ungakwazi ukuthulula i-peat. Ewusizo ngamakhukhamba nokugqoka okuphezulu kwe-foliar - ukuphalaza ngesisombululo esikhethekile "I-Ovary" .
Ukukhuka ukhukhamba ensimini - izifo nezinambuzane
Izinambuzane ezivamile zekhukhamba ziyi-wireworms, ama-aphid, amahlumela, izibungu zesicabucabu. Ungabalwa ngokuphatha ama- insecticide ngezihlahla ("Fosbetsid", "Agravertin", "Phytoferm", "Carbophos"). Ukuzikhethela kokukhukhamba okukhulayo kusikisela ukuvimbela izifo ezifana ne-powdery isikhutha, i-bacteriosis, i-anthracnose. Ngale njongo, ukugqoka imbewu kuyenziwa, lapho izimpawu zokuqala zesifo zivela, izitshalo zifakwe ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate, i-sulfaride, efafazwe ngesimo sulfure.