I-Hedonism imfundiso yokuthi umuntu wenza zonke izenzo zakhe ngenjongo yokuzijabulisa kwakhe, ngakho-ke, kungabhekwa njengencazelo yokuphila. Indlela enjengaleyo ibonakala ingcolile kwabanye, kodwa ayikho iqiniso eliphelele, ngakho-ke iziphetho kufanele zenziwe ngokuzimela.
I-Hedonism - iyini?
Ekuhumusheni kusukela ku-hedonism yakudala yesiGreki kuyinjabulo noma injabulo. Imfundiso ephethe leli gama, ikhuluma ngobuhle bokufuna izinzwa ezimnandi, ngakho-ke lowo muntu uyazi noma akahambanga ngale ndlela. Futhi njengoba lokhu kuhambelana nomuntu, kunengqondo ukuqondisa ngokucophelela izenzo zakho ukuthola injabulo. Yonke imfundiso iphela kulesi sitatimende, ngoba akekho oye waqeda lolu hlelo, ngakho-ke ukuziphatha kwabalandeli bayo kungaba okuhluke kakhulu.
I-Hedonism ku-Psychology
Le mfundiso yazalwa ngisho nangaphambi kwenkathi yethu, kodwa ukukholelwa ekuthandweni kwengqondo kwezenhlalakahle kwaqala ukucatshangwa ngekhulu lama-20. Kunemiqondo emibili yokuziphatha:
- Ikusasa - izenzo zihambisana nokulindela injabulo;
- lokhu - izenzo zenzelwe ukuthola ngokushesha injabulo.
Ukuntuleka kwengqondo ngokwemvelo kuwukudlulisa indima ebalulekile emimoyeni, ukushiya ingxenye yokucabanga ngemuva. Eqinisweni, imizwelo isebenza njengama-beacons uma uhlela uhlelo lwakho lokubaluleka. Noma kunjalo u-hedonism ikuvumela ukuba uhlole ukugxila komuntu ngokuthola injabulo yemvelo kanye nezinto ezihlonishwayo, ngokuvamile okungenayo incazelo ewusizo. Izifundo ezinjalo zibalulekile ngenxa yenani elikhulayo labantu abafuna injabulo enkulu.
I-Hedonism ngefilosofi
U-Aristippus (435-355 BC) waba umsunguli wemfundiso, ekholelwa ukuthi umphefumulo womuntu ohlangenwe nakho ababili uthi - injabulo nobuhlungu. Indlela eya enjabulweni iwukugwema ukuzwa okungajabulisi nokulwela izinto ezimnandi. Ukugcizelelwa kwakuphathelene nezici zomzimba. U-Epicurus wathi ukukholelwa kwezefilosofi ukugcwaliseka kwezifiso zomuntu. Umgomo uwukuthakazelisa uqobo, kodwa inkululeko yokungena injabulo. Ngokombono wakhe, isilinganiso esiphezulu senjabulo enjalo yi-ataraxia, ukuthula kwengqondo nokulinganisela ekusetshenzisweni kwanoma yiziphi izinzuzo.
Ukuhlonipha ukukhanya kwelanga kwasakazeka kulo lonke leli khulu le-18. I-aristocracy, ikakhulukazi eFrance, yayivame ukuyiqonda njengokuthola izinto ezilula kakhulu. UJeremiya Bentham, owahumusha i-hedonism ezingeni elisha, wasiza ekuvuseleleni umqondo wefilosofi, ngokuthatha njengesisekelo sakhe isimiso sakhe semfundiso ye-utilitarianism. Ihlinzekela ukuziphatha komphakathi lapho wonke amalungu ayo angafinyelela khona ukuthokozela okuphezulu.
Imithetho yokuphila ngenxa ye-hedonism
Imfundiso ayikwakhiwa ngokugcwele, ngakho ayikho uhlelo olucacile lwezindinganiso, futhi akekho owenza ukubusa kwe-hedonism. Kukhona okukodwa okulandelayo: umgomo omkhulu womuntu ukujabula. Futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukunciphisa inani lemibono engathandeki futhi ugxile ezintweni eziletha injabulo. Okokuthi, ukuqonda lokho okushiwo yi-hedonism, kuyadingeka ngesisekelo sezinzwa zabo.
Hedonism - kuhle noma kubi?
Ayikho impendulo engafanele, konke kuxhomeke ekuchazeni komqondo. Ngomunye umuntu, ukuhlonipha abantu ukuphishekela izinto ezintsha, ezibonakalayo ezinamandla, futhi abanye bazibheka njengabalandeli bezimfundiso ngenxa yothando lwezingubo ezinhle kanye nokwamukelwa kwamanzi okugeza okunephunga elimnandi. Kusobala ukuthi isifiso sokwenza isimiso sakho sansuku zonke sibe mnandi kakhulu, asisongeli lutho. Uma wenza ukutholwa kwenjabulo ukuphela ngokwakho, ungaqeda izinkinga kuphela. Cabanga ukuthi ukuhogela inhlekelele kuyindlela ephelele kangakanani.
- Ukungabi namandla . Ngokuhamba kancane izinto ezijabulisayo ezivamile ziba yisithukuthezi, izinyathelo ezintsha ziyadingeka, kodwa uma zidluliselwa, akukho lutho olungase lulethe injabulo.
- Ukuchitha isikhathi . Ukuze useshe injabulo, kulula ukulahlekelwa umzuzu ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezithatha isinqumo sokuphila esikhathini esizayo.
- Izinkinga zezempilo . Okuningi okuletha injabulo endizeni yemvelo inethonya elibi empilweni.
Hedonism nobugovu
Uhlangothi lwefilosofi yale mfundiso luvame ukulingana nobugovu, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Izimiso zokuzikhohlisa akusho ukuthi ukugxilwa kwedwa, akuvunyelwe ukunakekelwa nokuthokozela abanye. Kunamafomu amabili: ubugovu kanye nendawo yonke. Eyokuqala ibhekwa ukugxila emicabangweni yomuntu siqu, noma ngabe ayabelwe abanye. Kubanikazi befomu lesibili kubalulekile ukuthi injabulo isetshenziswe kulabo abasondelene nabo.
I-Hedonism nobuKristu
Kusukela ekubukeni kwenkolo, konke okungahloswe ukukhonza uNkulunkulu kuyize engafanele ukunakwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlonipha isono kuyisono kumaKristu. Akagcini nje ngokuphambene nomgomo ophakeme kakhulu, kodwa futhi uyayishintsha ngesifiso sokuthola izimpahla zasemhlabeni. Uma sikhuluma ngalesi simo ngokujwayelekile, ngaphandle kokuhlaziya amacala athile, isifiso esivamile sokududuzeka asinakubizwa ngokuthi ubugebengu. Ifomu le-universal of hedonism, futhi, alihlali njalo liba yisoni, usizo lwabanye abantu ebuKristwini lamukelwa.
Awukwazi ukusho ukuthi noma iyiphi i-hedonist isoni. Icala ngalinye kufanele licatshangelwe ngokwehlukana. Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuthola isimo sakho ngokwakho, awufuni ukwephula izinkolelo zakho zenkolo, futhi ngenduduzo awukwazi ukwenqaba, khona-ke ungaxhumana nompristi. Uyazi imibhalo engcwele engcono, futhi unolwazi lokuxazulula lezi zingxabano. Yiqiniso, naye, angase abe iphutha, ngakho-ke isinqumo sokugcina sihlala kumuntu ngokwakhe.
I-hedonists eyaziwayo
Emphakathini wanamuhla, cishe noma yikuphi ukudumisa kungafaka uhlolo lwe "hedonist". Ngisho noma abanye babo bahlanganyela ekusizeni, kwenzeke nje kuphela ngemva kokwanelisa ukuthanda kwabo okuthakazelisayo. Lokhu kusebenza hhayi kuphela eminyakeni yethu, abachwepheshe bokuphila okunethezeka bebelokhu bekhona. Ngemuva kwe-Epicurus, owathola indlela yakhe ye-hedonism, imfundiso yathola impilo entsha ku-Renaissance. Abalandeli bakhe bebePetrarch, Boccaccio noRaimondi.
Khona-ke u-Adrian Helvetius no-Spinoza bajoyina le mfundiso, bahlobanisa izinjabulo zomuntu ngesithakazelo somphakathi. UThomas Hobbes uphinde wathi ukulinganiselwa, ukuphakamisa isimiso esithi "ungenzi kwabanye njengoba ungafuni ukukwenza kuwe." Lesi simiso asizange silandelwe yiwo wonke umuntu, isibonelo esihle kakhulu sokwenqatshwa kwezinhlaka zenkolo, zokuziphatha nezomthetho kwakuyimisebenzi yeMarquis de Sade.
Amabhuku mayelana ne-hedonism
Lo mcimbi wawunentshisekelo kwabaningi, wawucatshangelwa ngokujulile yizazi zefilosofi nezengqondo, izincazelo zingatholakala nasencwadini eqanjiwe. Nazi ezinye izincwadi eziphathelene ne-hedonism.
- "Izimiso Zokuziphatha" uGeorge Moore . Isazi sefilosofi sesiNgisi sikhombisa uhlobo lwesimo futhi sibonisa iphutha - ingxube yombono omuhle kanye nendlela yokufezekisa.
- "Ubuchopho Nenjabulo" nguDavid Linden . Le ncwadi itjela mayelana nokuphumelela kwamuva emkhakheni wezinzwa ze-neuroscience, okuvumela ukubukeka okusha ekutholeni injabulo nokubunjwa kokuthembela kuso.
- "Isithombe seDorian Gray" u-Oscar Wilde . Umsebenzi owaziwayo, oye waba nohlelo olungaphezu kweyodwa kwesikrini, ubonisa izici ezimbi kakhulu nemiphumela ye-hedonism.
- "Izwe elisha elinamandla" ngu-Aldous Huxley . Yonke impilo yomphakathi yakhiwe ezimisweni zenjabulo. Imiphumela yalokho kuhlolwa ichazwe emsebenzini.
- "Imfihlo Yokugcina" uBernard Verber . Amaqhawe aloveli yombono uzama ukubheka imicabango yabantu bese uthole isizathu sokwenza noma yiziphi izenzo.