Izifo ezithathelwanayo i-Anthrax iyaziwa kusukela esikhathini esidala. Namuhla, ayithwali, njengoba ngaphambili, uhlamvu lwe-epidemiological futhi kwenzeka kuphela ezimweni ezikude. Isibonelo, eRussia, izigameko ezingu-15 kuya ku-50 zalesi sifo zihlelwe njalo ngonyaka, ezingaphansi kuka-350 uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqala kwekhulu le-19.
Kuyini i-anthrax?
Izifo ze-Anthrax kubantu ziyisifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa amagciwane (Bacillus anthracis) futhi ifaka ngokuyinhloko ngesimo sensimbi, lapho i-carbuncle ifomisa esikhumbeni. Ngaphansi kaningi ungabhekana nalesi sifo ngesimo sokutheleleka kwe-pulmonary noma emathunjini nge-sepsis. Ukulimala okukhulu kwalesi sifo kuphezulu kumafomu we-pulmonary and emathunjini futhi kungafinyelela ku-90%. Ukubukeka okubonakalayo kungenza kube nokwelashwa okuphumelelayo, kodwa uma kungekho, inani lokufa li-5-10%
I-agent edala i-anthrax
Ama-causative agent we-Anthrax amabhaktheriya - ama-bacilliia e-Sibiriazvennye, aphikisana nezinguquko emvelweni futhi angaba uhlobo lwezinhlamvu ezikhumbeni zezilwane noma inhlabathi amashumi eminyaka. Uma sicabangela ngokuningiliziwe, i-anthrax yaseSiberia ibangelwa yi-B. Anthracis - izinti ezinkulu, kufika ku-10 μm ubude futhi zifike ku-1.5 μm ububanzi. Uma kutholakala ema-smear, ngokuvamile kutholakala ngesimo samaketanga noma amabilidi.
I-Anthrax - izindlela zokutheleleka
Umthombo oyinhloko wokutheleleka unesifo sofuba (izinkomo, izimbuzi, amahhashi, amakamela, izimvu) nezingulube. Izilwane ezithathelwanayo zifakela i-bacilli ngamagundane, umchamo nesigqoko. Kunezigaba ezithile zezindlela zokudluliselwa kwezifo eziphilayo.
- Ukudla okunempilo. Ivela emva kokudla inyama enobuthi, ubisi nemikhiqizo yobisi omuncu.
- Othintana naye. Iqembu eliyingozi - abasebenzi abasondelene kakhulu nezilwane. Isifo esine-anthrax kungenzeka futhi ngokuxhumana nezikhumba zezilwane ezifile (kuyaziwa ukuthi i-anthrax bacillus ingaphila ezinkhumba noma emhlabathini iminyaka eyishumi).
- Uthuli olunamandla. Ukutheleleka nge-anthrax kwenzeka nge-membrane emangcwabeni yendlela yokuphefumula. Esiqenjini esengozini - abasebenzi bezesikhumba.
I-Anthrax - izimpawu kubantu
Ukubonakaliswa kwalesi sifo esiyingozi kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuhloleni kwe-anthrax. Uhlu lwamanje luhlukanisa amafomu amabili omtholampilo, esizoxoxa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi:
- isikhumba;
- jikelele.
Kodwa-ke, ifomu elijwayelekile liyizinhlobo ezintathu futhi izimpawu zezinhlobo zefomu ngayinye zinemibono yobukhulu:
- i-pulmonary;
- emathunjini;
- septic.
Ifomu elincane le-anthrax
Ngalolu hlobo lwesifo, izimpawu zokuqala zingase zivele ngosuku ngemuva kokuqala kwe-anthrax spore, kodwa kunezimo lapho kungekho ukubonakaliswa komsebenzi we-spore owaqashwe amasonto amabili. Isikhumba se-anthrax esikhungweni sokuqala sifana nesisindo emva kokulunywa umiyane, kepha esikhathini esizayo kunezibonakaliso ezinjalo:
- ubuhlungu nokushaywa;
- ukubonakala kwama-vesicles, kamuva aphenduka izilonda ezimnyama futhi ahambisana nokuvuvukala;
- ukwanda kokushisa;
- ukungabi nesifiso sokudla;
- izimo ze-feverish;
- ikhanda;
- i-lymph nodes evulekile .
Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwesilonda emva kwezinsuku ezingu-5-6, phansi kwayo kuyancipha, futhi emaphethelweni ama-vesicles anokuqukethwe okungenambala kubonakala. Lapho isilonda sifinyelela usayizi wamamitha angu-8 kuya kwangu-15, iba i-anthrax carbuncle. Ngokwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi futhi okufanele, isikhumba sikhombisa endaweni yesilonda, esiwela ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, kodwa isikhathi sokuphumula singase sibe sikhulu.
Ifomula ye-anthrax
Isifo se-Anthrax esimweni se-pulmonary sibuhlungu futhi sinomthelela omkhulu empilweni yezempilo nangomuntu. I-infectology ihlukanisa izigaba ezimbili zenkinga yalesi sifo kwifomu yepaymoni:
- Iyokuqala ingahlala amasonto amabili.
- Owesibili kuphakama ngokuzumayo.
I-Anthrax, izimpawu zazo ekuqaleni kwesimo se-pulmonary zingahambisane kuphela nezinzwa ezingathandeki esifubeni. Esikhathini esizayo, isimo sesiguli siwohloka ngokuphawulekayo futhi sivela:
- ukuphefumula okukhulu ;
- ukushisa komzimba okwandisiwe (ngokuvamile kuya emazingeni aphansi);
- i-cyanosis yesikhumba;
- ukuxilongwa kwesidumbu;
- izikhukhula;
- i-tachypnea.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuhlungu esifubeni buqina futhi bufana ne-syndrome ye-infarction syndrome. Ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph nodes, ukukhwehlela kwanda ku-sputum enegazi. Uma ungaqali ukwelashwa okwesikhashana kwalesi sifo, lokhu kungaholela ekufeni. Iphesenti lokufa efonini eliphambili lepulmona noma lapho kungekho khona ukwelashwa kungu-90%.
Ifomu le-intestinal ye-anthrax
I-Symptomatology, ephawulwa ngesimo samathumbu, isahluke kakhulu futhi lokhu kuyingozi yayo. Inkambo yokukhubazeka yalesi sifo iholela efomini elinganakiwe, elivame ukuqeda ngokuzwakalayo. Kule fomu ngokuvamile kuthinteka yi-mucosa yezinambuzane kuphela, izilonda zingabonwa emgodleni nasezintwaneni ezincane. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zefomu lomathumbu ziyi:
- ukuqinisa ubuhlungu esiswini;
- ukuhlanza nokuhuda ngegazi;
- isicanuca nomkhuhlane;
- ukuphelelwa kwesifiso sokudla;
- ezinsukwini ezingu-3-4 (emva kwezinhlamvu zesilonda saseSiberia zithatha i-mucosa), ama-ascites angakhula;
- isimo sokwethusa;
- ukufa kungenzeka ezinsukwini ezingu-2-5 emva kokuqala kwezimpawu.
Ifomu le-Septic le-anthrax
Izifo ze-Anthrax inenye ifomu - i-septic. Leli fomu lesibili (ibhethri ye-anthrax iyimbangela yesifo kwezinye izinhlobo) futhi iguqulwa kusuka emathunjini nasemapulmeni, okungavamile kakhulu - okungahlanganiswa. Izimpawu ezisemqoka zesimo septic:
- izikhukhula ezinzima;
- izihlalo ezivulekile zegazi;
- ukwanda okukhulu ekushiseni komzimba;
- u-tachypnea nobuhlungu besifuba;
- ukuphefumula;
- isicanuca ngokuhlanza;
- ukuphawula ngesikhathi sokukhwehlela okuqinile.
Ukuxilongwa kwe-anthrax
Izifo ze-Anthrax nakakhulu ziyakwazi ukwelashwa, ekuqaleni kwavezwa. Ukuxilongwa kwe-laboratory ye-anthrax kuhlanganisa izindlela eziningana, okugcwalisa ngazo zonke ulwazi olutholakala ngosizo lwezinye izifundo.
- Indlela ye-bacteriological. Khetha abezindaba ezikhethekile zokuhlwanyela futhi emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa babone ikoloni esanda kutholakala yamabhaktheriya.
- Isikhumba nokuhlolwa kwe-allergic. Kule ndlela yokucwaninga, i-anthracin (i-antigen) ifakwa esikhumbeni. Uhlolo oluhle lubonisa ukuba khona emzimbeni womuntu wamagciwane okulwa ne-pathogen.
- Indlela yezinto eziphilayo. Zihlasela izilwane ze-laboratory futhi, ngemva kokufa kwazo, zihlukanisa futhi zithole i-pathogen eyabangela lesi sifo nokufa.
- I-Microscopy yezinto ezivela emdabu. Kusukela kuma-vesicles kanye nezilonda ezicuthekayo zithatha futhi zigcine izinto ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Uma i-anthrax ikhona, amabhaktheriya akhe afana nenduku ayobonakala ngokucacile.
I-anthrax ekunakekeleni abantu
Uma i-"Anthrax" itholakale, ukwelashwa kufanele kuqale ngaphandle kokulibaziseka, okusho ngomqondo wangempela, kungaba ukufa ngokufanayo. Ukwelashwa kwenziwa kuphela esibhedlela ngosizo lokwelapha okuyinkimbinkimbi.
- i-etiotropic (i-penicillin);
- Immunological (isingeniso se-serum);
- i-pathogenetic (umgomo ukunciphisa ukudakwa, ukuvuvukala nokuthuthukiswa ekusebenzisaneni kwegazi).
Ngalokhu kuphakanyiswa:
- Ukwethulwa kwe-anti-STI immunoglobulin (kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu besifunda besuka ku-20 ukuya ku-80 ml).
- Ngefomu le-dermal, ukugqoka ase-aseptic kuye kwaba kuhle kakhulu, ngoba ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa kule fomu akukwenziwa ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isikhumba senzeke ngokujwayelekile.
- Ochwepheshe nabo bakhuluma ngesidingo sokuxoshwa okusebenzayo ngokusungulwa kwama-infusions angenayo i-crystalloid ne-colloidal lapho i- Prednisolone ifakwa khona . Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-diuresis ephoqelelwe yenziwa (indlela lapho kususwa ngokushesha umchamo ovela emzimbeni kunomthelela ekususweni kwezinto ezinobuthi kanye neminye imikhiqizo engaphephile yokuphila, amagciwane, kufaka phakathi).
I-Anthrax - ama-antibiotics
Ukwelashwa kwe-Etiotropic yalesi sifo yi-antiictic i-penicillin ku-anthrax, eyithinta ngokuphumelelayo i-pathogen B. Anthracis. Njengomthetho, phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezinqunyiwe kakhulu:
- I-penicillin (ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezinsuku ezingu-7-8 kumthamo wansuku zonke wezinyunithi eziyizigidi ezingu-12-24);
- I-Doxycycline (ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile);
- Levofloxacin (500 mg kanye ngosuku);
- I-Ciprofloxacin ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu (kabili ngosuku ngo-400 mg).
Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukwelashwa kwama-antibiotic kuhlinzekwa nge-intravenously amasonto amaningana. Kubantu abaye baxhumana nalabo abagulayo nge-anthrax, kudingeka ukuba banikeze izifundo zezinyanga ezimbili zemithi yokwelapha ngomlomo. Phakathi kwama-antibiotics lapho iBillill anthracis ezwela ngokukhethekile, okulandelayo (ngaphandle kwalawo okushiwo kakade) kungaphawulwa:
- I-Gatifloxacin;
- Chloramphenicol;
- Amoxicillin ;
- Ampicillin.
I-Serum ngokumelene ne-anthrax
I-Antisibiotic immunoglobulin imane ifakwe phakathi kwezinyathelo ezinzima zokwelashwa e-anthrax yaseSiberia. Iqukethe ama-antibodies adingekayo ekulawuleni i-bacilli, ine-action antibacterial eyaziwayo futhi ayiqedi kahle isenzo se-anthrax toxin. Kuze kube manje, i-Antisiberian immunoglobulin iyi-serum esebenzayo kakhulu.
Ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwe-serum, amasampuli akhethekile ayenziwa ukuze anqume izinga lokuzwela komuntu kumaprotheni we-serum (ngokulawulwa kwe-intradermal nokuphendula okulandelayo). I-serum ingenwa ngokushesha, kodwa kungakapheli ihora - ngesikhashana esingaba ngu-15 imizuzu (izikhathi ezingu-2-3) nge-intramuscularly. Ngemuva kwalokho, isiguli kumele sibe ngaphansi kobungcweti besipiliyoni isikhathi esiningi.
Ukuvimbela i-Anthrax
Njengoba kuyaziwa, isilonda sesibindi saseSiberia sisifo esangena emzimbeni womuntu ngendlela ye-anthrax bacillus, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela, ikakhulukazi, eqenjini eliyingozi. Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zakhiwa izinyathelo zezilwane nezempilo ezihloswe ngazo:
- i-akhawunti yezindawo lapho izimo zezifo ezinjalo zigcinwa khona;
- ukulawula izinkomo zokudla kanye nesimo sabo;
- ukugoma kwezilwane ezingabathwali bokutheleleka;
- ukulawula amadlelo nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zemfuyo.
Uma sikhuluma ngezinyathelo zokuvimbela, eziqhutshwa ngokuqondile ekugqaseni, zimi kanje:
- Ukwamukela esibhedlela ngesiguli esinomuntu osolakala ukuthi u-anthrax. Ukuqaphela isiguli esinjalo kanye nokwelashwa kwakhe kwenziwa iqembu elikhethekile labodokotela.
- Iziguli zikhishwa kuphela emva kokuthola ngokugcwele.
- Izidumbu zabantu abafa nge-Anthrax azivuli abantu. Ezimweni ezihlukile, inqubo yenziwa udokotela oyinhloko, elandelwa ukukhipha igciwane ngokuphelele.
Inoculation kusuka ku-anthrax
Umgomo wokulwa ne-Anthrax uyasebenza ezimweni lapho umuntu enokuxhumana okude nezilwane okwesikhathi eside ngenxa yomsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe, esebenza endaweni yokubulala, uhlangana nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emfuyweni. Eqenjini labantu ababoniswa umgomo wokulwa ne-anthrax, bafaka nalabo abathintana nezinto zokusebenza ezingcolile. Ukugonywa kwenziwa ngesimiso.
Ukuphikisana nokugoma kuhlanganisa:
- ukwelashwa kwemisebe;
- izifo ezithathelwanayo nezingezona ezithathelanayo ngesimo esibucayi;
- izifo zegazi ezimbi;
- izifo ze-endocrine;
- ukwamukela glucocorticosteroids;
- izifo ezijwayelekile zesikhumba nezicubu ezixhunyiwe;
- ukukhulelwa kanye nesikhathi sokulahlwa;
- ubudala kuya eminyakeni engu-14.