Ukuchazwa ngamagama kungolwazi olungamanga noma oluyiqiniso oluhloswe ngokubhebhethekisa idumela lomuntu othile emehlweni abanye abantu noma emphakathini wonke. Namuhla ngenkathi ye-Intanethi kanye nokuningi kwemithombo yezindaba, umuntu angabona umphumela wokuhlambalaza njalo.
Ukuhlushwa - kuyini?
Kusho ukuthini ukuhlambalaza? Leli gama livela ebuqameni beLatini - idumela, nokudalulwa kwegama elithi diffamatio. Ezweni lanamuhla, ukuhlambalaza kungukusabalalisa kolwazi, amaqiniso angamlimaza umuntu futhi ahlazise idumela lakhe , udumo nesithunzi. Ukuqothulwa kuvame ukuqhutshwa ebhizinisini lokubonisa kanye nemibuthano yezombusazwe. Kuyisicala.
Ukuchasiswa nokuhlukumeza - umehluko
Ukuhlanjalazwa nokunyundela kukhona imibono efanayo, eYurophu bafana, kodwa banemibandela ehlukene, kukhona umehluko phakathi kwabo:
- Ukungcoliswa kungaba iqiniso, ngaphandle kolwazi olunyundela, ku-biography kwanoma yimuphi umuntu, umuntu angathola "izenzo ezingahlobisi" umuntu nezenzo.
- Ukunyundela ukuhlanekezeka kwamanga kwamaqiniso futhi ukusabalalisa hhayi kuphela ngokushicilela, kodwa nangokusho noma ngokubhala.
Izinhlobo zokuhlukunyezwa
Ukuqhathaniswa kwemvelo kungumqondo ojwayelekile. Ukuxhumana noma ukungahambisani kolwazi olusakazwa ngokoqobo futhi, kuye ngokuthi ummemezeli ubhekisela kanjani ezenzweni zakhe, uhlukanisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokuhlambalaza:
- Ukuhlukunyezwa okungenokwethenjelwa - ulwazi olushicilelwe emaphepheni ngamanga ngamabomu, lungabuye luthiwa ukunyundela.
- Ukuhlukunyezwa okungenakuthenjelwa okungavumelekile - ulwazi olungcolile lokungcolisa aluqinisekisiwe futhi lwandiswa ngokuqhubekayo.
- Ukuhlukunyezwa okuthembekile kungolwazi oluqinisayo , kepha lungakwazi ukwephula idumela, ukuhlambalaza umuntu emehlweni omphakathi.
Kuvela ukuthi ukuhlambalaza kungasho ukuthi kokubili inhlebo neqiniso leqiniso, okubizwa ngokuthi, isibonelo, ukudalula umuntu ezenzweni ezimbi. Uma ukuhlambalaza kusekelwe ekuchasweni, ummemezeli ulesi sigebengu, kodwa kunobunzima bokufakazela ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kuyingxenye yobugebengu bomuntu.
Ukusakazwa kwemidiya
Ukwehliswa kwemithombo emithonjeni yezindaba kanye nezakhi zalo kuyizinto zangempela zanamuhla. Inkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nokungabikho kokucelwa kwemvume kusivumela ukuba sikhulume umbono wethu, "iqiniso lethu" futhi sikhulume ngethelevishini, i-intanethi kanye nabezindaba. Ekhotho, izigwegwe zokulwa nokuhlambalaza azivame ukucatshangwa, kodwa kunezibonelo ezinjalo futhi uma ulwazi lungaqamba amanga, kungenziwa isigwebo esikhulu sezezimali, futhi uma umuntu engakwazi ukukhokha lokhu, angaphoqeleka ukusebenza.
Umzwelo wokungalaleli kubangela ukuthi abantu ezindaweni ezihlukene, amaforamu angaphikisana, baxoxisane ngobuntu bemidiya, badle ulwazi olungathembeki ngabanye futhi "bakhulume" ukunyundela njengeqhwa. Ngokuvamile ukuhlukunyezwa kungaziwa. Isibonelo sokuhlukumezeka okungenakuthenjelwa kungabhekana nalokhu okulandelayo lapho isikhulu samaphoyisa sithumela isithombe sesisulu ku-intanethi ngolwazi lokuthi uyincani yobungqingili futhi lifuna abalingani bobaziyo. Indaba iphelile ngokuxoshwa kwephoyisa elivela ejensi lokuphoqelela umthetho.
Esinye isibonelo sokuhlambalaza okumboziwe. Osaziwayo owaziwayo ukhuluma nomlobi owaziwa ngokufanayo, ecela ukuthi encwadini yakhe unikeza ulwazi lwamanga. Umlobi wachaza ngomsebenzi wakhe isombusazwe ngendlela engaqondakali, yokuhlambalaza. Kodwa abalobi bayazuza kulokho okuqala ekuqaleni kwencwadi ngayinye, umbhalo: "Bonke abalingiswa kanye nezimo, amagama ayingqayizivele, futhi okuhambisanayo kungozi."
Ukuqothulwa koMthetho Wezomthetho
Ukungcoliswa komthetho emazweni amaningi kuthathwa njengecala. Ukuhlukumezeka komthetho-mthetho - ukwephulwa kobumfihlo, ukuhlazeka kwehlonipho nesithunzi somuntu ngamunye, kubhekwa njengezihloko ezimbili ze-Civil Code ye-RF - 150, 152. Buyisela "igama lakho elihle" ngokufaka isimangalo sokuziphindisela ngenxephezelo yokulimala kokuziphatha kanye nenxephezelo yezinzuzo ezibonakalayo, uma kukhona kwaba futhi belahlekelwe.
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezomphakathi kuhlobene eduze nenkululeko yokukhuluma, futhi ukuvikeleka kwezinto ezingekho izinto ezibonakalayo njengehlonipho, idumela nesithunzi kuncike ku-Article 29 yomthethosisekelo we-RF ngenkululeko yokucabanga nokukhuluma, ngakho-ke ukungcoliswa kungabhekwa njengesikhungo esingokomthetho lapho umthetho wezombusazwe usebenza khona ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ukuvikela inhlonipho nenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nokwaziswa kolwazi.
Ukuhlukunyezwa kobuchwepheshe
Okushiwo ukuhlambalazwa kubhekwa njenge "defame", futhi ngenxa yokuthi yiluphi ulwazi olunezimo ezingalungile ezasakazeka, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlukanise uhlobo oluhlukile lokwehliswa - ubuchwepheshe, noma ngenye indlela ukuhlukunyezwa kwebhizinisi, ngenkathi usakaza ulwazi ukwazisa idumela lebhizinisi lomuntu noma inhlangano yonke. Ukuguqulwa kobugebengu obuqanjiwe kubhizinisi noma ukuhlambalaza ebhizinisini lebhizinisi ("izinyathelo zokuncintisana").
Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezenkolo
Ukungcoliswa kwenkolo ukubandlululwa kwenhlobo ethile yenkolo nokuhlambalaza imizwa yamakholwa, ukuhlambalaza nokuhlekwa usulu kwemigodi nemigomo esetshenziswa kule nkolo. I-resonance enkulu emphakathini wamazwe ahlukene yabangelwa isinqumo esayinwe ngo-2005 yi-UN General Assembly "Ukulwa nokuqothulwa kwezinkolo", ecela ukuvinjelwa kokugxeka nokusabalalisa ulwazi oluhlambalazayo mayelana nenkolo.
Isinqumo sichaza ukuthi ukuchithwa kwenkolo kuyinhlamba eqondile futhi engathà sina emicabangweni yabantu engokwenkolo eholela ekusongeni nasekugqugquzelweni impi ngezizathu zenkolo. Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezibushelelezi, abaphikisana nesinqumo sokuthi umqondo ungasetshenziswa ngokwengqondo kanye nokubandlululwa kweningi lentando yenkolo ngaphezu kwabancane abangavumelani. Futhi kuvela ukuthi kukhona ukwephulwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuveza umbono wabo, ngisho noma kungenhlamba, imfundiso yeSonto ingasebenzisa ngokuqonda kwayo
Ukuhlonza - izindlela
Imibono yokuhlambalaza nokuhlambalaza namalungelo okuphendula kufanele yaziwe kuwo wonke umuntu ukuze ukwazi ukuzivikela lapho kwenzeka ukuthi idumela lakhe lamanga livezwe ngolwazi olungamanga. Kuye ngohlobo lokwehliswa, kunezindlela ezibonakala ngazo:
- Ukuhlukunyezwa okulula - ulwazi lokuhlambalaza lusakazeka olungagunyaziwe, kwifomu lomlomo, ezindaweni zokuxubana kwenani elikhulu labantu: emhlanganweni, ukwamukela okusemthethweni, emsebenzini ohlangene, noma phambi kofakazi abaningana.
- Ukususwa kwezingcingo ngokusebenzisa imidiya - ukunyathelisa kuma-periodicals, kuthelevishini, emsakazweni nase-Intanethi.
- Ukwehliswa kwemibhalo emadokhumenti esemthethweni - kumadokhumenti aphumayo avela enhlanganweni, isibonelo, ezimweni zomsebenzi zomuntu.