Ukukholelwa ekumangaliseni kwezibikezelo kanye nabantu abangakwazi ukutshela konke ngawe (izimpendulo, izinkanyezi, izintatheli) - yisidingo esingenakuqhathaniswa sabantu abaningi. Umuntu ubelokhu enesithakazelo ekupheleleni kwakhe siqu: wayeyinilelwe, yiziphi izici ezingenasici namakhono azosiza ukuthi azibonele yena. Ukubheka ngemuva kwesihenqo semfihlakalo yesikhathi esizayo kuyesabeka.
Uyini umphumela we-Barnum?
Amakhasi wokugcina wezinhlamvu ezithandwayo zigcwele izinkanyezi, izici zezibonakaliso ezahlukene zezinkanyezi , ukubikezela, eziqinile ngokuqinile emiphilweni yethu, ukuthi umagazini noma iphephandaba ngaphandle kwabo kubonakala sengathi "zihlanzekile." Ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene, ngenxa yezimpendulo lapho umuntu etshelwe ukuthi ufunda okuyiqiniso kakhulu ngaye. Umphumela weBarnum uyisifiso somuntu, esihlobene nesithakazelo sakhe esiqotho esiphethweni sakhe, ukukholelwa ekuqinisweni nasekuchithweni kwezimiso ezivamile, zokuvimbela.
I-Barnum Effect ku-Psychology
URoss Stagner, isazi sezengqondo saseMelika, waba nesithakazelo kulokhu kwenzeka futhi wanquma ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa. Uhlongoze ukuba agcwalise abasebenzi abangu-68 abanemibuzo engokwengqondo, okwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa isithombe sengqondo somuntu . U-Stagner wathatha imishwana engama-13 avame ukuhlangana nabo kusukela ezinkanyezini ezidumile futhi ahlanganiswa izithombe zakhe zomuntu siqu. Umphumela wawumangalisa: ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kwabahlanganyeli yabona ukuthembeka okumangalisayo kule ncazelo, 40% - kuyiqiniso futhi akekho noyedwa wabaphathi bezisebenzi ophawula incazelo ngokuthi "ayikho ngokuphelele".
Umphumela we-Barnum-Forer - umphumela wokuqinisekisa okuzithobayo - isenzakalo sezenhlalo nezengqondo okuthiwa ngemuva komhumushi othandwayo, umculi wesisisi uFarnum, owamukela izilaleli zaseMelika ngezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlenga. Uhlongoze igama elithi Barnum effect - uPaul E.Mil, umdali we-multi-characteristic test (MMPI). F. Barnum ukholelwa ukuthi kunezinhlayiyana eziningi emhlabeni, futhi wonke umuntu anganikezwa okuthile. B. Isibikezelo sithathile lesi sifo sokuhlola.
Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili
Ukubikezela kwe-Bertram ngo-1948 kwayala iqembu labantu ukuba livivinye, bese-ke u-experimenter ewakhiphe ngenkathi eqhuba imiphumela, kodwa kwakungekho ukucubungula. Kubantu abasanda kufika, Ukubikezela kusakaze imiphumela efanayo yencazelo yomuntu, ethathwe kumagazini wezinkanyezi. Umphumela wokubikezela kulokhu kusetshenziselwa izici ezinhle kule ncazelo. Amaphuzu ama-5 amaphuzu abhekwa njengokuhambisana ngokugcwele nencazelo yemiphumela yokuhlola. Amaphesenti ajwayelekile phakathi kwezifundo kwakungu-4.26.
Umbhalo uqukethe imisho cishe cishe bonke abantu abaphendulayo:
- "Udinga isidingo senhlonipho."
- "Ngezinye izikhathi uyakwamukela, ngezinye izikhathi uyagcinwa."
- "Bheka njengomuntu oqeqeshwe futhi othembekile."
- "Unamandla amakhulu."
- "Ngezinye izikhathi ugcwele ukungabaza."
I-Barnum Effect - izibonelo
Abantu bafuna ukwazi ikusasa labo futhi ngenxa yalokhu baya kuma-psychics, ababikezeli benhlanhla. Kwabanye, kungokuzijabulisa nje, abanye bayesaba ukuhambisa isinyathelo ngaphandle kokufunda i-horoscope. Ngokuyinhloko, laba bangabantu abaphazamisayo, abasazoba khona esikhathini esizayo. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokukholelwa eqinisweni lezincazelo "ukuthandwa" noma "ukuthandwa" kochwepheshe (isazi sezinkanyezi, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esingenangqondo). Umphumela kaBarnum wocwaningo lwezengqondo yisibonelo sokuthi kusebenza kuphela ekubikezelweni okuhle futhi kusetshenziswe ngokuqinile ngabathengi ezindaweni ezinjengalezi:
- zonke izinhlobo zokubhula;
- physiognomy;
- imiphakathi;
- ukubhula ngezinkanyezi;
- Ukuxilongwa ngeqembu legazi, umbala wamehlo;
- ukubalwa kwamanani;
- psychology (ukuhlolwa okuthandwayo).
Umphumela we-Barnum - i-horoscope
Umphumela we-Barnum wezinkanyezi ubulokhu usebenza futhi usebenzise isikhathi eside ukuchaza izimpawu ze-zodiac. Okwamanje - kubhekwe njengendabuko yansuku zonke ukwenza i-horoscope yokubeletha yona kanye nabathandekayo bakho abanezinkanyezi ochwepheshe. Ukubaluleka kwe-horoscope - izindleko eziphezulu zesevisi / ubuntu bomuntu onguchwepheshe / imibono ethile (amaplanethi endlini yesikhombisa, njalonjalo) - kwandisa izinga lokuzethemba kwabantu kwi-horoscope eyingqayizivele ehlanganisiwe, eyenza ngokwemvelo izenzakalo ezitholakala kuwo futhi zivame ukugcwaliseka.
I-Barnum Effect njengesixhobo sobunjiniyela bezenhlalakahle
Umphumela weBarnum noma umphumela wokuqinisekisa okuzithobayo uzibonakalisa ngokugcwele, nokuba khona nokubandakanyeka kwezici eziningi. I-Psychologists (R. Hyman, P. Mil, R. Stagner, R. Treveten, R. Petty noT. Brock) abafunde lo mkhuba, baqaphela amaphuzu abalulekile okusekela umphumela:
- jikelele, amagama angacacile;
- igunya lomuntu owenza ukubikezela;
- ukukholelwa komuntu ukuthi ukubikezelwa "kuyingqayizivele, okwenzelwe yena kuphela";
- ukufanisa izifanekiso (izimfanelo ezithile, amathuluzi athile);
- izici ezinhle.