Ukuxhumana kuyisici esidingekayo sokwakhiwa okuphumelelayo komuntu emphakathini. Ukuxhumana kokuqala kwenzeka emndenini wabazali, lapho ingane ithola khona ukuhlola kwakhe, ukuziphatha kwayo ngezihlobo, ufunda ukufunda imizwelo nemizwa - ngesisekelo salokhu, izindlela zenziwa ukusebenzisana okuphumelelayo noma okungakhayo nabantu.
Kuyini ukuxhumana?
UGeorge G. Mead - isazi sezenhlalakahle saseMelika nesazi sefilosofi sazisa umqondo wokuxhumana phakathi kwawo-1960. I-Mead ikholelwa ukuthi umuntu oyedwa ukuqonda okunye, kubalulekile ukuqonda lokho akwenzayo, yiziphi izenzo azenzayo. Ukusebenzisana ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu, kufaka phakathi ithonya elilodwa phakathi kwemisebenzi ehlangene. Phakathi nokuxhumana kwenzeka:
- ukushintshanisa ulwazi, imibono;
- ukufezwa kokuqonda okubili;
- ukwakha umugqa owodwa wokuhlela noma isu;
- ukuzibamba endaweni (indima) yomlingani (bona izimo ngamehlo omunye);
- uma kungabikho ukusebenzisana okungalungile, ukungqubuzana nokuncintisana.
Ukusebenzisana emphakathini
Ukusebenzisana kwezenhlalakahle ukusebenzisana kwabantu, okwenziwe ezincane (umndeni, abangani, ukusebenzisana) kanye nezinga le-macro (izakhiwo zomphakathi nomphakathi wonke) futhi kuhilela ukushintshaniswa kwezimpawu, isipiliyoni kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo. Okubalulekile kokuxhumana kubangelwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu futhi kwakhelwe ngesisekelo sezimfanelo eziqondene nesifundo ngasinye, umzila wokuziphatha, ukungqubuzana okuvela ngesikhathi sokuxhumana. I-Pitirim Sorokin (isazi sezenhlalo) yaveza amaphuzu amaningana aqinile ekuxhumaneni komphakathi:
- Ukuxhumana, okungenani abantu ababili badinga.
- Ngesikhathi sokuxhumana, ukunakekelwa kukhokhwa kukho konke: ukuzithokozisa, isibonakaliso sobuso, izenzo - lokhu kusiza ukuzwa omunye umuntu engcono.
- Imicabango, imizwa, imibono kufanele ihambisane nabo bonke abahlanganyeli ohlelweni lokuxhumana.
Ukuxhumana ku-Psychology
Imodeli yokuqala yokuxhumana nabantu ngomuntu ngumndeni. Ngaphakathi komndeni, ezimweni zomsebenzi ohlangene ngesikhathi sokulala, i "I" yengane iyaba. Ubuntu bubunjwa ngokusebenzisa i-prism yokuzibona ngabanye kanye nokuziphendulela kokuziphatha okuvela ekuphenduleni imisebenzi yayo. Ukusebenzisana kwengqondo kwengqondo kuwumqondo osuselwa ekubukeni kweD.Did kanye nemfundiso yakhe "yokusebenzisana okungokomfanekiso" evela ohlelweni lokuziphatha. Isazi sezenhlalakahle sasibaluleke kakhulu ekushintshaneni kwezimpawu (ukuzithokozisa, ukuhamba phambili, ukubonakala kwesibuso) phakathi kwamaqembu ahlangene.
Izinhlobo Zokuxhumana
Emisebenzini yezenhlalo ezihlangene, abantu baqondana ngokubambisana kanye nokusebenzisana okuphumelelayo kubonisa ukuthi "okubalulekile" komunye umuntu njengomuntu. Akusizi ngalutho - yonke into enkulumweni yokuxhumana ihlelwe kuphela kuye futhi azama ukuqonda, uzizwe enye. Ukubambisana okuzuzisayo nokubambisana nokuxhumana okunjalo akunakwenzeka. Izinhlobo zokuxhumana zingahlukaniswa ngokusho kohlobo lomthelela: okushoyo nokungabonakali.
Ukukhuluma ngezwi (inkulumo) kuhlanganisa izindlela:
- Ithonya lokukhuluma (isitembu, ithoni yezwi, ukukhulumisana kwenkulumo).
- Ukudluliselwa, ukushintshaniswa kolwazi, isipiliyoni.
- Ukubhekana nolwazi olutholiwe (isitatimende sesimo sengqondo noma ubudlelwano, umbono).
Ukuxhumana okungaqondile (okungekho amazwi) kubangelwa uhlelo lokungena ngemvume - ngokusondelana:
- I-Pose iboniswe ngumlingani: ukuvuleka-ukuvuleka, ukuphumula-ukuphazamiseka.
- Isikhundla esikhaleni ukuthunjwa kwendawo (ukubeka imibhalo, izinto ezungeze itafula) noma ukusebenzisa ubuncane besikhala.
- Ukulungiswa nokuvumelanisa komlingani wokuxhumana ngokuthinta, ukubonakala komzimba, ukuhleleka komzimba.
Ukuxhumana nokuxhumana
Ukuxhumana njengokuxhumana kuqukethe imfundo, ukulawula, ukuhlola imisebenzi nokuvumela abantu ukuba bahlele imisebenzi yabo ehlangene nokufeza imigomo yabo. Ukuxhumana kuhlobene eduze nokuxhumana, ingenye yezingxenye zayo kanye nokubona (ukuqonda) futhi incike ezinkambisweni ezifanayo (amazwi, okungekho amazwi) ohlelweni lokuxhumana. Umehluko phakathi kokuxhumana nokuxhumana:
- Umxhumanisi angeke abe ngumuntu kuphela, kodwa futhi abezindaba, noma yikuphi uhlelo lwesignali (izimpawu zomgwaqo) zencwadi.
- Inhloso yokuxhumana ukudluliswa kolwazi, ngaphandle kokuthola impendulo (imizwa, imibono yabanye ingase ingacatshangwa)
Ukusebenzisana nokuxhaphazwa
Ukuxhumana ekukhulumisaneni kuhlale kuthinta omunye nomunye. Njengomphumela wokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu, umuntu uyashintsha, uphuthukiswa ngentshisekelo. Ngokuvamile, enkulumweni yokuxhumana ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuxhaphazwa. Ezweni lanamuhla, amasu okuqamba , njengethuluzi lokuthonya, ajwayelekile ebhizinisini, emakethe yabathengi. Ukuhlukunyezwa, ngokungafani nokuxhumana kubonisa:
- ukulawula okufihlekile komuntu ngokumelene nentando yakhe (ukusikisela, ukuqondiswa kwe-trance);
- ukubeka umlingani nomlingani, umxhumanisi esimweni esiphezulu (edlala imizwa yesaba, icala noma izifiso)
- ukusetshenziswa kokuncenga nokukhohlisa ekukhulumeni.