Izincwadi zokuhola, ezitholakala eJordani, ziyoveza izimfihlo zobuKristu.
Sekuyisikhathi eside saziwa isintu ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo izincwadi zabhalwa ezibhebheni zobumba ezigcwele u-wax, i-papyrus nama-plaque agcwele ithusi. Kodwa ngonyaka ka-2007 umhlaba wawushaqeka ukutholakala okusha: kuvela ukuthi imibhalo yenkolo yathatha uhlobo lwezincwadi ezithwala kakhulu futhi yayifihliwe ngokucophelela ekuhloleni amehlo! Ubani futhi kungani wawafihla kubantu abafayo?
Wathola kanjani izincwadi zokuhola?
Akekho owakwazi ukuvula isembozo sokufihlekisa ukufihla umbhali noma umnikazi wokuqala wezincwadi ezingavamile ezingenalo izifaniso emhlabeni. Umlando wemizamo eminingi yokuhlenga isisekelo sabo uqala ngo-2005. Khona-ke ngasenyakatho yeJordani kwakukhona isikhukhula esinamandla, ngemva kwalokho kwakunzima.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, umalusi wendawo wahlola umhume owawukhululiwe emanzini, wahlukaniswa waba izingxenye ezimbili. Omunye wabo wayekhonza njengomhlobo wokungena kwesibili. Yayithakazelisa umlimi, ngoba etsheni elikumboze lona, uphawu lwamaJuda lasendulo lwamaJuda lwaluqoshiwe. Umalusi waseBedouin wakhuphuka nomqondo wokuphonsela umnyango wamatshe - futhi wahlushwa lapho enza lokho!
Ebumnyameni obumnyama, wayengaboni lutho ngaphandle kwezingcezu zensimbi ezikhazimulayo. Ukuhlolisisa ukuthi lezi yizincwadi zokuhola - izicucu ezingaba ngu-70 kuphela. Ubukhulu bamakhasi ngamunye wabo bulingana nesembozo samanje sepasipoti noma ikhadi lesikweletu. Zixhunyiwe ngendandatho zensimbi zibe yizicucu ezingu-5-15. Ukushaqeka akukona ukubonakala okuningi, njengokuqukethwe kwangaphakathi kwezincwadi. Izinhlamvu ezisemakhasini aziqoshiwe, njengoba kwakungokwesiko ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa zenziwe nge-welded. Abaphathi bezikhathi zasendulo bafika kanjani engqondweni? Ubani owabafundisa le nqubo?
UBedouin waqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi ungathola imali enhle ekutholeni. Ucele imali eyinhloko kubo, okwakungavunyelwa kalula ngumthandi wase-Israel, uHasan Sayda. Umdayisi nomthengi bawela ezandleni, emva kwalokho ama-artifacts akwa-Israyeli angaphandle kwamanye amazwe aphuma eJordani. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ocebile, noma ocebile akakwazanga ukugcina umlomo wakhe uvaliwe: abangane bomhlanganyeli kulo mthengi batshele wonke ucwaningo nososayensi. Kuqala ukuhlukumezeka kwezombangazwe: u-Israyeli akafuni ukunikeza imiqulu yokuhola, kanti uJordan wagcizelela ukwenza ubugebengu - ukuthumba.
Ingabe ososayensi bafinyelela ezincwadini ezingu-70?
Ngokusobala, uhulumeni wase-Israel wacindezela uHassan, futhi ngokungalindelekile wavuma ukuhlanganyela ezinye zezincwadi zokuhola nabasebenzi bamavesi e-Oxford naseZurich. Kwaphela iminyaka emihlanu bafundela amapuleti athulwe ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukwenza noma yiziphi izitatimende ezisemthethweni. Yini abayifunde mayelana ne-relic engaqondakali?
On izimpawu zethusi namasayina kuya kwimidwebo yesi-Aramaic, izilimi zakudala zesiGreki nesiHeberu zithokozwa. Ukonakala kwensimbi kuyinakekelwa kakhulu kangangokuba kunika isizathu sokucabanga ukuthi izincwadi zabhalwa okungenani ngekhulu lokuqala le-AD. Akukude nalesi sifundazwe saseJordane, ezinye izinto ezivela esikhathini esifanayo zatholwa ngaphambili. Abanye ososayensi ababekholelwa kuNkulunkulu babesaba ngenxa yokuthi imiqulu eminingi yayisindiwe ngokuqinile ngezinsimbi zensimbi. Zingaqondwa: Incwadi yeZambulo eBhayibhelini isitshela ngamakhodi athile alahlekile okuwukuphela kukaMesiya oyovula lapho efika eMhlabeni.
Izinsolo mayelana nokuthola okuvezwe nguDkt. Margaret Barker, owasebenza njengoMongameli weNhlangano yeSifundo seTestamente Elidala:
Incwadi yesAmbulo ikhuluma ngezincwadi ezivaliwe eziyovulelwa nguMesiya kuphela. Kukhona neminye imibhalo ephathelene nenkathi efanayo yomlando ekhuluma ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu okuvaliwe ezincwadini ezivaliwe. Ngokusobala lezi zincwadi ziqukethe imikhosi eyimfihlo, eyadluliselwa uJesu kubafundi bayo abaseduze "
Ukuthola ukutholakala kwezincwadi zokuhola
I-hypothesis enengqondo kunazo zonke ukuthi imishini engcwele yayifihliwe ngamaKristu ayebalekile abalekela kule mihume ngemva kweJerusalema. Uma ekuqaleni ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi ngaphambi kwabo - izincwadi ezingamaJuda, manje wonke umhlaba wesayense uthandwa ekubhalisweni kwamaKristu okuqala.
UMargaret Barker ukholelwa:
"Siyazi ukuthi amaqembu amabili amaKristu abalekela ekushushisweni eJerusalema, futhi awela uMfula iJordani eduze kwaseJeriko, abuye asondele empumalanga eduze nendawo lapho kuthiwa khona izincwadi. Esinye isimo, esingahle sikhombise imvelaphi yobuKristu yokuqala, ukuthi lezi akuzona imiqulu, kodwa amakhodi (cishe amaphepha ajwayelekile namakhasi). Ukubhala amathekisthi ngendlela yekhodi kuyisici esihlukile esimisweni samaKristu okuqala. "
Emakhasini amancane kwakungekho indawo yokubhaliswa kuphela, kodwa imidwebo. Izithombe zeziphambano, izithombe, izimpawu - konke lokhu kutholakala kuma-plates amaningi afundisiwe. Omunye wemifanekiso uveza uhlelo oluqondile lweJerusalema lasendulo, elinye luchaza ukubulawa kukaKristu kanye nabaphangi. Zonke ezinye izithombe ziyafa phambi komunye, zigcina ubuso bomuntu ongaziwa. Nokho, konke kusho ukuthi lokhu kuyisithombe sikaKristu.
Okokuqala, encwadini efanayo, ungathola omncane kusuka emidwebeni ethuneni ngesiphambano ngemuva kodonga lwangemva lweJerusalema. Okwesibili, izici zobuso ekuqhathanisweni okuningiliziwe zihambisana nezithombe zokuqala zikaKristu emifanekiso kanye nencazelo yokubonakala kwakhe empilweni yabangcwele.
"Ngesikhathi ngibona amapuleti, ngangihlehliswa. Ngashaywa yilesi sithombe, ngakho-ke umKristu ohlukile. Ngaphambili sibona isiphambano, futhi ngemuva kwayo sitholakala ukuthi kubonakala ukuthi kubonisa indawo yokungcwaba kaJesu. Lesi sakhiwo esincane esinomgodi ovulekile, ngemuva kwalokho izindonga zomuzi zibonakala. Zikhona nakweminye imifanekiso, futhi akungabazeki ukuthi lezi yizindonga zaseJerusalema. "
Yilokho uProfesa Philip Davis waseSheffield University akusho.
Ngeshwa, akubona bonke ososayensi abanesiqiniseko sokuthi izincwadi zokuhola ziyisikhumbuzo esiyigugu sasendulo. Izincwadi ezincwadini zazo azikwazi ukunqunywa, futhi akekho ozokwenza umqondo wokuqukethwe kwawo ngokusho kwemidwebo. Imibono yabososayensi iyaqhubeka ishintsha, futhi iqiniso lokuthi namanje akukho museum inqume ukuthatha imithwalo yamakhodi, yenza ucabange. Ukuhlolwa kokugcina kungaqinisekisa kuphela ukuthi lezi zincwadi zikhona cishe eminyakeni eyi-2000 ubudala. Kodwa ingabe kukhona ongakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini abazimisele ukusitshela?