Ubani ozophikisana neqiniso lokuthi akunakwenzeka ukugcizelela ithonya likaFreud ekuthuthukiseni kwengqondo njengesayensi? Le ndoda ihlolisise konke okusemandleni, kepha uFreud wanikela ngokuyisisekelo ngempela kwifilosofi yobuntu be-psychoanalysis, eqinisweni, le mbono yasungulwa nguye. Kamuva, le nqubo yaqhutshwa phambili ngu-A. Adler, K. Young, kanye noNeo-Freudians E. Fromm, G. Sullivan, K. Horney noJacan. Kuze kube manje, izindlela ze-psychoanalysis zisetshenziselwa kabanzi ekusungulweni kwengqondo ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuzikhethela nokulungiswa komuntu.
Umqondo we-psychoanalysis
Sekuyiminyaka eyikhulu yobukhona be-psychoanalysis, kuye kwaba nezikole ezingaphezu kwesisodwa nesiqondiso. Izikole eziyinhloko ngokuvamile:
- i-classical theory kaFreud;
- i-ego-psychology;
- psychology septic of Lacan;
- psychoanalysis yesakhiwo seKohut;
- indlela yokuhamba;
- psychoanalysis intersubjective;
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-psychoanalysis ngokwayo ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- Inkolelo ye-psychoanalysis yobuntu iyimbono yokuqala kanye neyodwa yemibono ebaluleke kunazo zonke ekuthuthukiseni komuntu kwengqondo. Ngokuvamile kubhekwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-psychoanalysis ye-classical ngokusho kukaFreud, kodwa lungasetshenziswa kunoma yiziphi izici zalo. Isibonelo, ku-psychology yokuhlaziya yi-Jung noma i-psychology yomuntu ngamunye ngu-Adler.
- I-Psychoanalysis ibonakala njengendlela yokuphenya izisusa ezifihliwe zomsebenzi wabantu, ezibonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano zamahhala ezivezwe yisiguli. Lesi yisici esiyisisekelo sefilosofi ye-psychoanalysis kaFreud.
- Futhi-ke, i-psychoanalysis yanamuhla ibonakala njengendlela yokwelapha izifo ezihlukahlukene zengqondo ezivela ngenxa yokungqubuzana phakathi kwezifiso nokuyiqiniso.
Imiqondo yokuzivikela (ukufaka endaweni, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibandela, ukuhlukumezeka, njll), izakhiwo (Oedipus, Electra, inferiority, castration), izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo engokwengqondo (oral, anal, phallic, latent, ngokobulili) zaziswe ngenhloso ye-psychoanalysis. UFreud naye wakha umdwebo wezobuchwepheshe we-psyche. Imodeli yezobuchwepheshe ibonisa ukuba khona kwemininingwane kanye neminyango engazi lutho, kanti imodeli yesakhiwo iveza ukuthi kukhona izinto ezintathu - id (ukungabi nalutho), i-ego (ukuqonda), kanye ne-superego (umphakathi ngaphakathi komuntu).
Ukungenalutho ekuguleni kwengqondo
I-Freud kuzo zonke zomfanekiso ohlongozwayo we-psyche yanikeza indima enkulu engqondweni (i-Id), okuyisisekelo samandla womuntu ngamunye. Leli qembu liqukethe izimo ezingenasisekelo ezikhuthaza umuntu ukuba alwele ukwaneliseka kwezidingo zemvelo futhi athole injabulo. UFrud wayekholelwa ukuthi ukungazi lutho yingxenye enhle kunazo zonke yengqondo yomuntu. Nguye ophonsela abantu ukuthi bathole lokho abakufunayo nganoma yikuphi ukukhokhela, abaphoqele ukuba benze izinto ezingacatshangwa futhi ezingekho emthethweni. Uma bekungekho eminye iminyango ye-psyche, khona-ke bekungeke kube khona imigomo nemithetho emphakathini, behluleka ukwenza.
Ngenhlanhla, ukungazi lutho kuhloswe yizingxenye ezizimele ze-Ego ne-Superego, ezivumela ukuhlehliswa kokukwenziwa kwemvelo emcimbini ofanelekile (Ego) noma ngisho nokubeka ukusebenza ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa, ngoba akuhambisani nemigomo noma imigomo (Superego). UFrud wayekholelwa ukuthi i-Id (i-Id) nezinga eliphezulu lokuqaphela (Superego) lihlukile, ngakho-ke
Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwe-psychoanalysis ngezizathu ezisebenzayo, unabagxeka abaningi. Abantu abaningi bathukuthele amazwi kaFreud mayelana neuroses jikelele, abanye abamukeli umqondo wokungazi lutho, ukulawula ubuntu, kuyilapho abanye bebheka umbono ononya ngombono we-psychosexual yentuthuko yabantu. Ngamafuphi, konke okushoyo ku-psychoanalysis kaFreud kungachazwa kanje: uqondisa noma yisiphi isenzo somuntu, ngokubhekisela ekusizeni, esusa kumuntu isifiso sokuzisebenzela yena ukuze agweme ukufisa okuhle.