Iyiphi indlela ebonakalayo njengesimo senqubo yomphakathi? Abameli bezesayensi ezihlukahlukene bafunda isiteleka esimweni semisebenzi yabo. Abafilosofi, izazi zezenhlalo, abaculi be-culturologists, abaculi be-ethnographers banesithakazelo ezicini zobuhlanga. Izazi zengqondo zithinta ithonya lokungafani kobulili. Umqondo owodwa wokuthi "ukuphikisana" kuhlanganisa zonke izigaba zokuphila komuntu.
Ukulinganisa - kuyini?
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, ummemezeli waseFrance uFredo wasungula idivayisi egcina isikhathi, umsebenzi kanye nentengo ekushicileleni kwencwadi. Ngaphambi kokusungulwa, umbhalo wencwadi ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukuqashwa, okwaholela ezindlekweni ezinkulu zemithombo. Isinqumo esisha sika-Dido sokudala senziwa ekwenzeni okuvela emathekstini afakiwe, ngakho - izitembu zethusi zenziwe, zenza ukuphrinta izincwadi ngezinombolo ezinkulu. F. Dido wabiza ukuthi usetshenzisiwe - isichazamazwi: "στερεός" - eqinile "τύπος" - isithombe.
Lokho okushoyo kusho ukuthini njengomqondo ezweni lanamuhla? KuWalter Lippmann, umbhali waseMelika ngo-1922 wafaka igama elithi "ukulinganisa" endaweni yomphakathi futhi wachaza incazelo yalo ngokuthi: ukungakwazi komuntu ukuqonda isithombe sonke sezwe langempela ngaphandle kokukwenza kube lula. Umuntu wenza umsebenzi wakhe, engathembeli kolwazi olucacile oluqondile, kodwa ngezifanekiso ezenziwe ngomumo-ezenziwe ngabanye: izihlobo, abajwayele, uhlelo, isimo.
Izinhlobo zokungafani
Ingane izalwa futhi ubisi lomama ibamba izinhlanzi, izintombi, izinganekwane kanye nezinganekwane zakhe. Ukukhula, ingane ifunda imigomo nemigomo yemfanelo yomndeni wakhe kanye nomndeni wonke. Izikhungo zezemfundo zinezela. Ngakho-ke ukucabanga okucatshangelwa kancane kancane kwakha. Umuntu "ngokweqile" ngokweqile. Izinhlobo ezivamile zezinkolelo, ezikhonjwe ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene:
- izinkolelo zomphakathi;
- izinkolelo zokucabanga
- izinkolelo zokuziphatha;
- ukuhlukumezeka kwamasiko;
- izimpendulo zokuphendula;
- izinkolelo zokuxhumana, njll.
Imisebenzi yezinkolelo zingahle zihlukaniswe ngokomzimba zibe "ezihle" futhi "ezimbi". Isici esiyinhloko salo mbono ukugcina umsebenzi womcabango womuntu. Umuntu, empilweni yakhe emifushane akakwazi ukwazi konke ngakho konke, kodwa ngesisekelo sabanye abantu bangase babe nombono ngezinto eziningi, ngisho noma zingabalulekile ekuqinisweni kwakhe. Isici esibi sibheke ekutheni isipiliyoni somuntu siqu (ngisho nesikhathi esisodwa) esiqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwalokhu noma lokho okushiwo yilokho okushiwo yi-subconscious futhi kuvimbela abantu, izimo ezivela ekuboneni ngendlela ehlukile.
Izilinganiso zobulili
Umuntu wenza izindima ezihlukene zomphakathi, kufaka phakathi izindima zobulili. Indima yobulili inquma izindlela zokuziphatha ezinconywayo, ukuqhubeka okuvela kumuntu wesilisa noma wesifazane kanye nezici zesimo sezwe. Iyini indlela yokulinganisa ngokobulili ? Indima yendoda noma owesifazane emphakathini inqunywa ngamasiko amaningi nezindlela zokuphila ezisekelwe amakhulu eminyaka. Kuze kube manje, ama-stereotypes awazange aphelelwe yisikhathi, i-echo yayo engalandelwa ezenzweni namazwi abantu abahlukene:
- owesifazane ungumgcini wendawo yokulala;
- umuntu - i-getter;
- abesifazane bayisiphukuphuku;
- owesifazane ongenabantwana, njengomuthi ongenawo amagatsha;
- owesifazane ongashadile - inyoni engenamaphiko;
- indoda engenaye umkayo, inqolobane engenalo uphahla;
- lo muntu uthembisa, lo muntu uyazigcwalisa;
- Umlimi wezilwane akuyona inkinobho, kodwa uthanda ukulwa.
Ama-stereotypes ezizwe
Ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo kwezintandokazi namuhla kunendima ebalulekile ekufezeni ukuthula nokubambisana phakathi kwabantu. Izinkolelo zezwe ziyimibono yeminyaka eminyaka yemikhuba yabantu njengesizwe mayelana nabo (autostereotypes) nezinye izizwe (heterostereotypes). Ukufundwa kokuthathwa kwamathekisthi - kusiza ukufunda izici, imikhuba, isiko lokusebenzisana phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene.
Ama-social stereotypes
Iyiphi indlela yokuhlalisana kwabantu? Amatrikhi anamandla futhi alula ezithombe zezinto zomphakathi (indoda, iqembu, ubuchwepheshe, ubulili, ama-ethnos). Ama-stereotypes okucabanga ngesikhathi esifanayo angase abe amanga futhi abe nolwazi olungalungile. Ngokusemthethweni, isisekelo salokho okushiwo yilokho okushiwo ekubonweni okusekelwe emaqinisweni wangempela kanye nolwazi lomuntu siqu, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi inkohlakalo yenza indima ebhubhisayo uma isetshenziselwa isimo esivela kuphethini evamile kanye nokubeka uphawu kumuntu. Izibonelo zokungaboni kahle kwabantu:
- ngaphandle "okungafani" awukwazi ukwakha umsebenzi ophumelelayo;
- ingane kufanele ilalele;
- ukuze uphumelele kuyadingeka ukuba uphumelele eyunivesithi ehloniphekile;
- bonke abantu badinga kuphela okuvela kwabesifazane ...;
- bonke ababhali bezimali bayabuthana, futhi abameli bayinkohlakalo;
- imali imbi;
- Izimoto zaseJapane ziyikhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu;
- AmaJuda ahlakaniphile kakhulu;
- indoda - isisu, sidakwe.
Izinkolelo zamasiko
Izinkolelo zamasiko zomphakathi zithinta imizwelo yabantu, ehambisana nemvelo yomzimba futhi isekelwe yi-gesticulation. Imizwelo nokuzibonakalisa kuyilwimi jikelele phakathi kwezifiso zamasiko ezizwe, kepha emazweni athile angathola incazelo ehlukile. Ngaphambi kokuhambela kwamanye amazwe, kuyasiza ukutadisha amasiko alawa mazwe. Uhlangana ngokwawo Amasiko: ama-stereotypes of setting-goal, ukuxhumana, ukuqonda, isithombe sezwe. Ukuziphatha ngokulinganayo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekwakheni amasiko (ezenkolo) amasiko ahlukene.
Ama-stereotypes adumile
Yisiphi isifaniso - lo mbuzo uphendulwa ngokuyisisekelo "ngokulungile", "okushiwo". Umphakathi usetshenziselwa ukucabanga ngemibono ethandwa, isizathu salokhu kulele ekungenilekeni noma ekuntulekeni kolwazi kanye nokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa lolu lwazi. Isimo sengqondo sokucabanga (isimo sengqondo) - "Ngiyathanda konke" kusho ukuthi ungumndeni wami, iqembu, abantu, umbuso unecala elihlukile: lihamba emkhawulweni wokunciphisa, liphulukisa okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu. Yamukelwa emphakathini wezinkolelo ezidumile:
- impudence - injabulo yesibili;
- inani lokubhekisela liyi-90/60/90;
- kuhle lapho - lapho singekho;
- beats - bese uyathanda;
- ibhulakufesi ozidla wena, isidlo sasemini sihlwithwe umngane, unike isidlo esitha;
- owesifazane ohamba emkhunjini - ukuba enkingeni;
- udinga ukushada ngaphambi kuka-30;
- amantombazane kufanele agqoke pink, abafana - blue;
- abesifazane - ubulili obubuthakathaka;
- kubiza - kusho ukufaneleka;
Ama-stereotypes ngamaRussia
Ama-stereotypes ngeRussia angalandelwa ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene kanye nama-anecdotes asungulwe kokubili yiRussia ngokwabo nakwabanye abantu. I-Stereotype Rusich ivela kuma-anecdotes njenge "shirt-abafana, abanamandla kakhulu, abanothando ukuphuza futhi bakhuthaze" Intshisekelo eRussia inkulu. Lo mandla uhlala ungavamile futhi uhloniphekile, futhi kwabanye, izwe elinonya. Kuthiwani ngezwe, abesifazane baseRussia namadoda bacabanga ukuthi abamele abanye bathi:
- AmaRussia yizona eziphuza kakhulu;
- amabhere ahamba emigwaqweni;
- Amantombazane aseRashiya angamahle kakhulu;
- amadoda, hamba ngeso lengqondo, ungamomotheka;
- I-Russia lizwe le-balalaika, i-matryoshka ne-kosovorotok;
- unomusa kakhulu;
- ukugula nokungafundi;
- amantombazane aphupha ngokushada nabantu bezinye izizwe ;
Ama-stereotypes ngesiFulentshi
Izwe lonke libukela ngokukhathazeka ama-catwalks aseFrance, athengatha amafutha aseFrance, ethinta amafilimu othandana kakhulu emhlabeni. "Ukubona iParis bese ufa!" - inkulumo eyashiwo umlobi-photographer u-I.Erenburg - sekuyisikhathi eside iphendulwa ngamaphiko futhi kuthiwa ibukeka futhi ibukeka iphupho. Ama-stereotypes aseFrance, ahlobene ngokuqinile neleli zwe elihle:
- Abesifazane baseFrance bahlanjululwa kakhulu, banhle kakhulu;
- I-Paris - ibeka imfashini kuwo wonke umuntu;
- AbaFulentshi bangabathandi abakhulu emhlabeni;
- ama-croissants, iwayini, i-foie gras, amaxoxo, ama-baguette nama-oysters - ukudla kwansuku zonke kazwelonke;
- i-beret, i-vest, i-shawl ebomvu - izingubo ezijwayelekile
- isizwe sokubhema kunazo zonke emhlabeni;
- ukushaya nokubonisa "mayelana" futhi "ngaphandle kwesizathu";
- ama-pessimists adlula kakhulu;
- inkululeko yokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha okunengqondo;
- Kuthukuthele uma abantu bezinye izizwe bengaboni kahle amagama aseFrance;
- ama-patriots ezweni lakubo abathandekayo futhi abize izwe "la dus France" ("uFrance othandekayo").
Ama-stereotypes ngamaMelika
Izwe laseMelika lizwe lokungafani nemathuba angenamkhawulo, lapho amaphupho amnandi kakhulu agcwaliseka - abaseMelika bacabanga kanjalo ngesimo sabo. I-United States iyizwe elingenakucatshangwa nengqondo yaseRussia, okwenza abanye bangayithandi, futhi ngenxa yezimpikiswano zamanje phakathi kweRussia ne-America, ukungabi nokuzethemba ezweni elihle kakhulu laseMelika. Izinganekwane namaqiniso angamaMelika:
- isizwe sokudla okusheshayo namafutha;
- uthando ukuhlela izinto ezimangazayo;
- bafuna ukuthatha umhlaba wonke;
- ukungabi nesitayela nokunambitha ezembatho;
- isizwe esithandekayo kakhulu;
- wonke amaMelika unesikhali;
- unganqikazi ukukhombisa imizwelo.
Ama-stereotypes nge-English
Yiziphi izinhlangano eziphakama kubantu abangakaze bafike eNgilandi, kodwa bezwe ngaleli zwe? Labo abafundisa isiNgisi esikoleni bakhumbula inhlangano edumile yokubuka i-Big Ben (Big Ben) nokuthi iNgilandi yizwe lemvula, ama-mists kanye nokudla okwesidlo sasekuseni. On the ugqozi lwezinganekwane zesiNgisi. Abahloli baseNgilandi ngoSherlock Holmes bathanda ukufunda emhlabeni jikelele. Ama-stereotypes ngeBrithani:
- ekhuluma njalo ngesimo sezulu;
- ngesimiso, baphuza itiye;
- amaNgisi ahloniphekile kakhulu;
- snobs ezikhukhumezayo;
- ukuzimela;
- ukuhleka kwesiNgisi esingajwayelekile;
- wonke umuntu uya emphakathini;
- izakhamizi ezigcina umthetho.
Ungasusa kanjani ama-stereotypes?
Iyiphi indlela ebonisa ngayo abantu abazibandakanya ekuthuthukiseni ukuzibophezela nokuzithuthukisa? Abantu abanjalo baba njalo. Ama-stereotypes kanye nobandlululo kwenza kube nzima ukubona ngemuva kwama-clich "aphelelwe yisikhathi" kanye nama-clicks abantu abakhonkolo beqiniso, nokuqonda lezi noma ezinye izenzo zomuntu ngokwengqinamba. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini akusebenzi njalo esimweni esisha. Ukwenqaba ukucabanga okungaqondakali kugcizelela umsebenzi ngokwakho:
- shintsha umbono ojwayelekile wezwe;
- ukwenqaba izahlulelo eziphuthumayo;
- ukuvuleka kokubona kwento yonke;
- ukuchazwa kwezifanekiso ukugxeka: "ingabe kunjalo ngempela?";
- ukwakheka kwemibono emisha, eyakho.