Ukuziphatha okwesikhathi eside kwakubhekwa njengososayensi wesayensi yengqondo, kwavumela ukubukeka okuhlukile ekutadisheni izinqubo zengqondo futhi kwazibandakanya ngokwabo ezindaweni ezifana nezombangazwe, ezenhlalakahle kanye nezokufundisa. Ngama-psychologist amaningi, izindlela zokuziphatha zibhekwa njengezinzima futhi zizenza umuntu ahlukumeze.
Kuyini ukuziphatha?
Ukuziphatha (okuvela ekuziphatheni kwesiNgisi - ukuziphatha) - enye yezinkomba ezinkulu zengqondo yekhulu lama-XX. ukuhlola i-psyche yomuntu ngokusebenzisa amaphethini wokuziphatha, ukuqaphela kunqatshiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Izinto ezidingekayo zokuvela kokuziphatha kwakuyizici zefilosofi zikaJohn Locke, ukuthi umuntu ozelweyo "ibhodi elihlanzekile", kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kaThomas Hobbes, ophika umuntu njengento yokucabanga. Yonke imisebenzi engqondweni yomuntu ekuziphatheni iyancishiswa ekuqaleni kwesifomula: S → R, khona-ke ipharamitha eliphakathi liyongezwa: S → P → R.
Umsunguli wokuziphatha
Umsunguli wokuziphatha - uJohan Watson uhlongoze ukucubungula izinqubo ezenzeka emqondweni womuntu ngokubonakalayo, okulinganiselwe ngezingcingo nezinga lokuhlola, ngakho-ke ifomu elidumile lazalwa: ukuziphatha yiS → R (ukuvuselela → ukuphendula). Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwami noPavlov noMnu. Sechenov, ngendlela efanele yokucwaninga, uWatson wabikezela ukuthi kuzokwazi ukubikezela ngokugcwele nokubikezela ukuziphatha nokuhlanganisa imikhuba emisha yabantu .
Abanye abalandeli nabamele ukuziphatha ngendlela yokusebenza kwengqondo:
- E. Tolman - yaveza izici ezintathu zokuziphatha (ukuzimela okuzimele okuhlukile, ikhono lomzimba, izinhloso eziguqukayo zangaphakathi).
- I-K. Hull - ukuvuselela nokuphendula kwakha umzimba ongaphakathi (izinqubo zangaphakathi ezingabonakali);
- B. Skinner - inikezela uhlobo olukhethekile lokuziphatha - osebenzayo, ifomula ithatha ifomu S → P → R, lapho uP ukuqinisekiswa okuholela ekusizeni, okulungisa ukuziphatha.
Okubalulekile kokuziphatha
Sekuyiminyaka eminengi yocwaningo mayelana nokuziphatha kwezilwane nabantu, kunezidingo eziningana zokuziphatha okuye kwaba khona. Ukuziphatha kungumqondo oyinhloko:
- ukuziphatha kubonisa izinqubo zengqondo ngaphandle;
- umgomo oyinhloko wokuziphatha uvumelana nezimo zangaphandle;
- ukuziphatha kungumuthi olinganiselwe ngempela ongalinganiswa, oqinisekisiwe;
- isikhuthazo kanye nokujeziswa kusho ukuziphatha;
- ukuziphatha kuyinhloso futhi kuyabonakala, ngenkathi kuqaphela futhi ngeke kube khona;
- ubuntu - isethi yokuziphatha → ukuphendula;
- ukusabela komuntu kuncike ekuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambili;
- ukuziphatha kunqunywa imvelo yangaphandle.
Imfundiso yokuziphatha
Ukuvela kokuziphatha akuzange kwenzeke endaweni engenalutho, imiqondo enjengokuthi: "ukuqwashisa" kanye "nesipiliyoni" belahlekelwe inani labo futhi akukho lutho olungahlinzeka ososayensi ekuboneni okusebenzayo - lokhu akukwazanga ukuthintwa futhi kulinganiswa ngokwemibono. Okuyinhloko yokuziphatha ukuthi umuntu ukuziphatha kwakhe ekuphenduleni ukugqugquzela, kufanelana nabososayensi, ngoba lezi zenzo ezikhonjisiwe ezingaphenywa. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa yi-physiologist waseRussia I. I-Pavlov phezu kwezilwane ngendlela ethile eguquliwe ihanjiswe kuma laboratories okuziphatha.
Ukuziphatha kobuchwepheshe be-Psychology
Ukuziphatha kuyindlela yokusebenza kwengqondo ebeka izimpendulo zabantu zokuziphatha phakathi nendawo futhi iphika ukuqonda njengento yokuzimela engqondweni. Emashumini ambalwa kwaze kwaba phakathi kwekhulu lama-XX. isayensi yezokwelapha njengeyisayensi, yafunda umuntu ngeqoqo lezenzo zokuziphatha: ukushukumisa nokuphendula, okwavumela ukukhanyisa ezintweni eziningi, kodwa akuzange kubangele ukuzitholela izinqubo zezinqubo eziziwayo nezingazi lutho. I-Psychological Cognitive yashintsha ukuziphatha kwengqondo.
Ukuziphatha koSayensi Yezombangazwe
Ukuziphatha ngokwezombangazwe kuyindlela yokwenza izinto, ngendlela ehlaziywa yizombangazwe, eyenziwa ngokuqapha ukuziphatha komuntu noma amaqembu. Ukuziphatha ngokuletha ukugxila okubalulekile kwezombangazwe:
- kucatshangelwa isici sengqondo sezombangazwe, esingakaze sithathwe ngaphambili;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokucwaninga ezithintekayo ukuhlola umthelela wezenzo zezombangazwe: ukhetho, ukwethulwa kwemithetho ekhokhwayo (ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe, ukuhlelwa kwematheksthi nokucubungula).
Ukuziphatha kwezenhlalo
Ucwaningo lwezenhlalakahle kanye nokuhlolwa akuhlanganiswa kahle nesayensi yengqondo, futhi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokutadisha imvelo yabantu, izinqubo ezenzeka endaweni yengqondo. Ukuziphatha kwezenhlalakahle kubangelwa ukuthunyelwa okuyisisekelo kokuziphatha kwe-BF. I-Skinner, kodwa esikhundleni se-"evamile yokusabela" yokusabela ", kukhona" inkundla "yombono, okufaka amalungiselelo:
- Umuntu ngamunye unezici ezithile kanye nokuziphendulela ezithandweni zezwe langaphandle;
- Izenzakalo ezedlule zithinta amakhono okuziphatha womuntu esimweni esinikeziwe.
Ukuziphatha ngokuziphatha ePedagogy
Ukuziphatha okuyingqayizivele kuye kwabathola abalandeli bayo ekufundiseni. Sekuyisikhathi eside, ukufundela kwakusekelwe ezimisweni "zesikhuthazo" kanye "nesijeziso". Indlela yokuhlola yisibonelo sendlela yokuziphatha, inhloso yokuthi amaphuzu aphezulu kufanele aqinise isifiso sokuqhubela phambili imfundo, futhi iphinde ibe "isihlamba" noma isijeziso, ngenxa yalokho umfundi, lapho ebhekene nemiphumela engathandeki yokucabanga okunganaki ngokufunda, kumele afune ukuthuthukisa. Ukufundisa ngokuziphatha kuye kwagxeka kakhulu abantu.
Ukuziphatha ngendlela yokuphatha
Izindlela zokuziphatha zibeka isisekelo sokwakheka kwesikole sesayensi yokuziphatha ekuphathweni. Abaphathi bezimboni kanye nezinkampani babhekene nemibono yokuziphatha, futhi bona ngokwabo babona ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi alo mqondo ukusebenzisana okusebenzayo ngokubambisana futhi ngenxa yalokho - ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza kuwo wonke amazinga. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono yokuziphatha kwaba khona, ngenxa yemibono emibili eyakhiwe ngawo-1950 yi-psychologist wezenhlalakahle uDouglas McGregor:
- Imfundiso X. Umqondo weklasikhi, ochwepheshe banamuhla babhekwa njengabantu abahlukumezekile ("ukuphathwa kanzima"), kodwa okwenzeka esikhathini sethu. Iningi labasebenzi livilapha, lingenalo umthwalo wemfanelo, kodwa liyabonga ukuzinza nokulondeka , ngakho-ke badinga ukulawulwa kobuholi obumbuso. Uhlelo olunjalo lokuphatha lusekelwe ekugcineni ukwesaba kwabantu ukulahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo. Izijeziso zande kakhulu.
- Theory of Y. Umqondo wanamuhla, oqhubekayo osuselwa ekubonakalweni okuhle kwezimfanelo zabantu, ngaleyo njongo isimo sobungane sakhiwe ekukhiqizeni, kwenziwa imisebenzi enhle futhi bonke abasebenzi bakhangwa ukukhombisa ukuthi inkampani ithuthuka ngenxa yokugqugquzela, ukuhlakanipha kanye nesifiso sokuzimela njalo. Isitayela sobuholi siyintando yeningi. Abasebenzi bathanda ukuthuthukisa nenkampani.
Ukuziphatha ngokwezomnotho
Umnotho wendabuko, ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zakudala zokuziphatha nokuziphatha, ubona umuntu njengomuntu onengqondo ngokulinganayo, okhululekile ukwenza ukhetho lwakhe ngesisekelo sezidingo ezibalulekile. Namuhla, kunamagatsha amaningana omnotho, okunye okungukuthi umnotho wokuziphatha, owamukele zonke izinzuzo zokuziphatha. Abasekeli 'bomnotho wokuziphatha' bathambekele ekukholweni. Ukuthi abathengi bathambekele ekuziphatheni okungenangqondo, futhi lokhu kuyinto evamile kumuntu.
Abalandeli bezomnotho zokuziphatha baye bathuthukisa izindlela eziningi ezivumela ukudala nokwandisa izidingo zamakhasimende:
- Amahlaya angalungile . Umkhiqizo, ogcinwe emashalofini futhi ngenxa yezindleko zawo eziphezulu akudingeki, izinkampani ziphonsa ukhetho olubi kakhulu emakethe, futhi umkhiqizo, obukeka ungabizi ngokumelene nengemuva entsha, uyathengiswa.
- Ukunikezwa kwamahhala kuyindlela evamile phakathi kwabadayisi bezinkampani nezinkampani. Isibonelo, umuntu unikezwa uhambo olubili ngezindleko ezifanayo, kodwa eyodwa ihlanganisa ukudla kwasekuseni mahhala, enye ayikho. Ukulunywa ngesimo sasekuseni samahhala kuzosebenza - umuntu uthanda ukucabanga ukuthi uthola into engelutho.
Izinzuzo nokuziqhenya kokuziphatha
Noma yikuphi ukufundisa noma uhlelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lubukeka buncane kangakanani, lunokulinganiselwa ekusetshenzisweni, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zonke izinzuzo nezimo zokuziphatha ezibonakalayo zabonakala, lapho kungakufanele khona ukusebenzisa izindlela zalesi siqondiso, futhi lapho kungcono ukusebenzisa izindlela zanamuhla. Kunoma yikuphi, abasebenza kufanele bangashiyi leli thuluzi elihle emisebenzini yabo futhi basebenzise amasu okuziphatha lapho lokhu kunganikeza khona umphumela omuhle kakhulu. Izinzuzo zokuziphatha:
- konke okungafundwa, okufundwe nokusetshenziswa ekuziphatheni - ukuziphatha ngendlela ecacile;
- isiqondisi kuhlangene nendlela yezesayensi, esekelwe isipiliyoni esikhulu esiwusizo, evunyelwe ukwandisa isayensi yezengqondo njengesayensi;
- ukuziphathisa kuye kwakha amaphethini amakhono okuziphatha.
Umthengi:
- ukungazinaki ukubamba iqhaza komuntu, wonke amakhono okuziphatha, kunciphisa ukuphendulwa kwemishini;
- ukugqugquzela , ukuthanda , ukwakheka kwemodi yengqondo yesenzo, nokuzicabangela nakho akucatshangwa ngabaziphatha;
- umuntu ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola uphathwa njengesilwane, eneqoqo lemvelo yokusinda;
- Ukuziphatha akunikezi incazelo yesifiso somuntu ngezinhlelo ezintsha nokudala.