Noma nini, izingane "ezikhethekile" zazalwa. Ngeshwa, umkhuba wokuzalwa kwalezi zingane ukhula njalo ngonyaka. U-Oligophrenia noma ngezinye izindlela ukungabi nokuhlakanipha, namuhla kutholakala ukuthi ku-3% wabantu bomhlaba. Abafana basendaweni eyingozi kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni lesi sifo kunamantombazane 2: 1.
Oligophrenia - kuyini?
I-Oligophrenia iyintuthuko yengqondo engaphelelanga noma engatholakali (i-dr.g. ὀλίγος - encane, encane, i-φρήν - ingqondo). Ukuphuza kwengqondo ekuhlukaniseni izifo zamazwe ngamazwe (ICD-10) kubhalwe phansi ngaphansi kwezihloko F 70-79. Nge-dementia, izinqubo zenzeka:
- ukunciphisa amakhono avela ekuthuthukiseni abantu ;
- ukubambezeleka kwe-intelligence jikelele (ukuqonda, ulimi lwamagama, amakhono emoto, amandla omphakathi).
Uyini umehluko phakathi kukaZPR no-oligophrenia?
Ukulahlwa Kwengqondo (PPR) yisikhathi esivamile esihlanganisa ukuhlukunyezwa okuthile ekuthuthukiseni i-psyche. Ubani oligophrenic futhi yiziphi umehluko wokuhlukana kwengane lokhu okuxilongwa kusukela ekuhluphekeni kweZPR:
- U-Oligophrenic kunzima ukufunda, izingane ezine-DZP zingazuza imiphumela emihle ezifundweni zazo ngehlelo elikhethiwe.
- Izingane ezine-ZPP zamukela usizo lwabanye ngenkathi ziqonda imisebenzi yengqondo bese zizisebenzisela ekusebenzeni kwengqondo efanayo noma imisebenzi. Ku-oligophrenia, ngisho nokuhlanganiswa okuphindaphindiwe komsebenzi owodwa wezingqondo, ukufana kufana nezinga elingenasidingo (kuxhomeke ebukhulu besifo).
- I-Oligophrenia ukuphazanyiswa okuphelele kwemisebenzi yobuchopho, ne-CRD ekhonjiswe ngombono we-mosaicism (ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi ethile yobuchopho, nokulondolozwa okuphelele kwabanye).
- I-CPR iyisici esiningi sokungavuthi ngokomzwelo, ukuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo. I-Oligophrenia yi-dysontogenesis yengqondo.
- Izingane ezine-PZD ngokunakekelwa ngokucophelela nokuqeqeshwa kungaba izakhamizi ezigcwele zomphakathi. Oligophrenics ngokuvamile badinga ukunakekelwa nokugcinwa kwabazali noma uhulumeni.
Izimbangela ze-Oligophrenia
Oligophrenic = lo muntu otholwe enesifo se-oligophrenia. Kungani izingane ezizalwa ezinenkinga enkulu yengqondo? Ochwepheshe emkhakheni wezakhi zofuzo kanye nezifo zengqondo bathi izizathu ezihlukahlukene:
- Ukungahleleki kwesisu: ukucindezeleka nokukhipha ama-chromosomes (i-Down's syndrome), izidakamizwa zamagciwane athile (i-X-chromosome syndrome enesibindi, i-autism, i-Rett syndrome).
- Ukushisa okujulile kwe-fetus.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwesifo somzimba (phenylketonuria)
- Izifo ezinzima zikamama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa (i-syphilis, i-listeriosis, i-toxoplasmosis) nokuvezwa kwamakhemikhali, izimo ezingathandeki ngokomzimba (ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingokomzimba, irradiation).
- I-Rhesus-impikiswano.
- Ukuzalwa okunzima (ukuphefumula kwesisu, ukulimala kokuzalwa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-forceps).
- Ukulimala kwe-Craniocerebral yengane.
- Uhlehliselwe ebuntwaneni nasebuntwaneni, izifo ezikhungathekile ezithathelwanayo ezinezifo ezingenayo i-neurotoxic system (central meningitis, meningoencephalitis).
- Ukunakekelwa kokunakekelwa kokufundisa esikhathini lapho kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwemisebenzi yokucabangela.
- I-etiology engcolile.
Oligophrenia - izimpawu
Uma ingane i-oligophrenic izalwa emndenini ophephile, abazali abalalelisayo bayabona ngokushesha ezinye izici ezethusa. Ngesifo somqondo sokungaboni kahle komqondo, isikhathi esithile singadlula, okusho ukuthi kulahlekelwa amathuba okulungiswa. Indlela yokuqaphela i-oligophrenia ngesikhathi sokuqala - kunezibonakaliso ezithile ze-oligophrenia kuye ngesilinganiso:
- isakhiwo esingavamile skull (microcephalus, ancephalus, hydrocephalus);
- Ikhala eliphepheni, amehlo ahlaziyiweyo e-oblique aphakanyisiwe;
- i-epicanthus ("ijwabu leso lesithathu");
- ukwephula amakhono okukhuluma;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwengcindezi yomzwelo ;
- izilonda ze-multiorgan;
- ukuphazanyiswa kwemisebenzi yokuqonda.
Izinhlobo ze-oligophrenia
Izindlela zokuvela kwe-oligophrenia zandulela isigaba noma izinhlobo lapho lesi sifo sizobekwa khona. Kunezinhlawulo eziningana ze-oligophrenia:
- I-oligophrenia eyinhloko (yokubeletha) (izakhi zofuzo).
- Oligophrenia yesibili noma etholakale.
Olunye uhlobo lwe-oligophrenia ngokusho kwe-MS. U-Pevzner (ingane yengqondo-i-defectologist), ebuyekezwe ngo-1979:
- okulula (okulula);
- ngokuphulwa kwezinqubo zokuzijabulisa nokuvimbela;
- nephulwa ohlelweni lwe-analyzer;
- kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezindlela zokuziphatha ze-psychopathic;
- ngokusho kokuthuthukiswa kwe-lobes yangaphambili.
Izigaba ze-oligophrenia
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-oligophrenia kuqhubekela phambili ngokuya ngobukhulu be-pathology futhi kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba:
- Ukuziqhenya kuyinto elula ye-oligophrenia. Kamuva, uma kuqhathaniswa nentuthuko yezingane enempilo yokukhulumisana, amakhono emoto, imisebenzi yokuqaphela, ukukhubazeka kwenkulumo. I-Oligophrenia esiteji sokuthi iyakwazi ukugujwa ibhekene nobudala ezingeni lika-8-12 iminyaka. Izingane zifundwa ezikhungweni zohlu olukhethekile. Izinga le-IQ liyi-50-69.
- Ukungabi namakhono kuyinto degree degree. I-Oligophrenic iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa endaweni ejwayelekile, iyanelisa ngokuzimela izidingo zomzimba. Ukwandisa i-libido nokuziphatha okubi kobulili, ukuhlukumezeka kokuziphatha. Kuthulwe ngamafomu amabili: awakhulumi (ahambisana neminyaka engokwengqondo kweminyaka engu- 6-9, i-IQ 35-49;) futhi wachaza ukungabi namakhono (iminyaka engu-3-6, i-IQ 20-34).
- Idiocy yizinga elibi kunabo bonke, lapho ukuhlukumeza okukhulu kakhulu kwengqondo (ngaphansi kuka-30, iminyaka engokwengqondo 1-3 iminyaka). Ukuqeqeshwa akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu emzimbeni, ayifuni ukuhlala ku-30, kuphela ngokunakekelwa okufanele.
Ukwelashwa kwe-Oligophrenia
I-Oligophrenia isifo sokuphila "kokuphila," okungafani nesifo se-phenylketonuria, ngokuxilongwa ngesikhathi esifanele kanye nokudla okunqunyelwe kahle, ingane ingaqala ukuthuthukisa ngendlela evamile. Ukwelashwa kwe-oligophrenia kukhethwe ngokucophelela udokotela ngabanye futhi ukwelashwa okuyisimiso kuhlose ukugcina izitho ezibalulekile nezinhlelo.