Ukungakhulelwa yikhono ikhono lomzimba ukuphazamisa umsebenzi webhaktheriya, ubuthi kanye nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Manje umehluko wezinhlobo zokuzivikela ezifana ne-congenital and acquired, okuyinto ehlukene ngokwahlukana ngezinye izinhlobo, kuye ngokuthi isimo senyama kanye nemibandela yentuthuko.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuzivikela komuntu
Ukungavikeleki komzimba kudlala indima yesikhawulo sokuzivikela esahlukanisa umuntu emvelweni. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukugcina impilo yomzimba kanye nomsebenzi wayo ovamile.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuvikela igciwane lesandulela ngculaza zifa futhi zizuzwe, ezihlukaniswe ngokuthi:
- okusebenzayo;
- okungahambi kahle.
Ukuzivikela okungenalutho, okubizwa nangokuthi i-humoral, kuhlotshaniswa nezici zomzimba, ezidluliselwa ekuzalweni ngefa.
Ifomu elisebenzayo liqala emva kokuqeda izifo. Kulokhu, imemori yokuzivikela emzimbeni yenziwa kubhaktheriya othize.
Ifomu elincane lenziwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komntwana ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwama-antibodies kusuka kumama kuya komntwana, lapho isimo sengqondo nemvelo sidlala indima ebalulekile.
Amakhono okuzivikela atholakele athuthukiswa kulo lonke ukuphila. Isivikelo somzimba sokuzivikela somuntu siphinde sisho ukutholakala kwezinhlobo zokuzivikela ezifana nokusebenza nokuzikhandla.
Ngendlela ekhuthele yokuzivikela eqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwalesi sifo.
I-passive itholakele ngenxa yokugoma noma ukwethulwa kwe-serum yokwelapha, okubangelwa izinhlobo ezinjalo zokuzivikela:
- impilo yonke;
- okwesikhashana.
Umgomo uwuhlobo lokuzivikela
Ifomu lokufakelwa libizwa nangokuthi i-post-vaccination, njengoba lakhiwa emva kokusetshenziswa kwemigomo ekhishwa ngamangqamuzana angama-bacterial, okwenza kube nokwakhiwa kwamagciwane okuzivikela.
Ukuzivikela okusebenzayo kubonakala ngokukhiqiza okuncane, kungakapheli izinyanga ezimbili. Ngokuya ngesivinini sokwakheka kwemisebenzi yokuzivikela, bonke abantu bangahlukaniswa uhlobo lokuzivikela ku:
- Ngokushesha kakhulu - kusuka emavikini amabili;
- kancane - kusuka ezinyangeni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.
Igciwane lesandulela ngculaza livela emzimbeni ngesikhathi esifushane futhi silondoloze izindawo zalo zokuvikela amasonto angu-8. Indlela yokugoma engenzi lutho ikhiqiza ama-antibodies ngokushesha kunomsebenzi osebenzayo. Ngakho-ke, ukugoma kuyadingeka ukuqeda i-anthrax, i-diphtheria, i- tetanus nezinye izifo.
Uma imisebenzi yokuzivikela ithuthuka ekwenzeni umsebenzi obalulekile, ingculaza kanye nezinhlobo zayo zibizwa ngokuthi zendalo.
Ifomu elisebenzayo lithole igama elinjalo ngenxa yokuthi umzimba ngokwawo uqala ukumelana nezidumbu zangaphandle. Lezi zinhlobo nazo zibizwa ngokuthi igciwane lesandulela ngculaza, ngoba ukubunjwa kwalo kwenzeka uma i-pathogen ingena emzimbeni futhi igciwane.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zindlela, kunezinye izinhlobo eziningana zokuzivikela, ezihlukaniswe zaba yinto engokwemvelo kanye nemvelo:
- inzalo;
- okungewona oyinyumba.
Uhlobo oluyinyumba lubandakanya ukuzivikela okunjalo, lapho emva kwesifo esilaphekile umzimba ulahla i-pathogen.
Okungeyona oyinyumba kuyimvelo yokuvikelwa komzimba, ukubunjwa kwayo akuhambisani nokufa kwamabhaktheriya. Lokhu kujwayelekile ngezifo ezingapheli, njenge-brucellosis, isifo sofuba, isifo sofuba. Emva kwesifo sofuba emzimbeni kuhlale i-mycobacteria, engabonwa ngokuphila, ngaleyo ndlela yakha igciwane elingelapheki. Ngenkathi i-agent ye-causative izohlala isebenza kahle, kuyoba nomgoqo wokuzivikela emzimbeni. Lapho umzimba wesinye isizwe ufa, ukulahlekelwa kwesigciwane esingasona oyinyumba kwenzeka.