Umthetho wokuqala we-sphere wezezimali uthi imali kufanele isebenzele ukukhushulwa. Inqubo enhle kunazo zonke futhi engalungile yokubeka imali ekusakazeni ukufaka idiphozi ebhange. Lokhu akuyona indlela kuphela yokuvikela imali yakho, kodwa futhi nethuba lokuthola imali engenayo (intshisekelo) njalo.
Idiphozidi - kuyini?
Ukuze usebenzise ngokucacile futhi umane uveza ukuthengiselana okunjalo njengediphozithi, udinga ukuphendukela kwethemishini yezezimali. Idiphozi iyinhlobo ekhethekile yemali mboleko. Uma isikweletu somthengi singumalimboli webhange kumakhasimende, khona-ke imali yokubopha yasebhange ibolekisa ukuthi amakhasimende anikeze ngokuzithandela ibhange labo, nesimo sokuthola iphesenti.
Ukuthengiselana okunjalo kwezezimali kuzuzisana ngokubili kokubili, ku-deposit nasebhange. Ukusho ukuthi yikuphi idiphozi, idiphozili ithola ithuba:
- ngokubeka ngokusemthethweni izimali zamahhala ekuhambiseni;
- thola isiqinisekiso sokuphepha kwemali;
- ukusebenzisa isilinganiso senzalo.
Futhi ibhange lithola ithuba:
- ukwandisa inzuzo yakho yezimali;
- ukwandisa umthamo wemali yemali mboleko yezidingo zabantu;
- ukuqinisa isikhundla sayo emakethe yezimali.
Idiphozidi idiphozi - isikweletu sebhange kumnikazi we-deposit, futhi kuncike ekubuyiselweni kwemali kumnikazi kumbe ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile. Ngaphambi kokuba uthathe imali yakho ebhange, unqume ukuthi hlobo luni lomnikelo onentshisekelo kuwo. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yini ehlukanisa idiphozi elula ebhange ngezinzalo ezivela ediphozithi.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwediphozi nediphozi?
Idiphozi ihlanganisa incazelo ecacile, futhi umnikelo ungenye yezinhlobonhlobo zayo eziyinhloko. Umehluko wokuqala phakathi kwediphozi kanye nediphozi yilokho kuphela ukheshi ongenza njengesikweletu. Okusho ukuthi iklayenti yasebhange ivula i-akhawunti, ibeka imali ethile kuyo futhi ibeka kuyo le nhlangano ebhange ibhalwe ngokucacile (noma ehlala njalo). Ngesikhathi esilondoloziwe sokugcina isitoreji, ibhange linelungelo lokulahla lezi zimali ngokwengqondo yalo.
Izinhlobo zamadiphozi
Idiphozi ebhange ibinhlobo eziningana, kuye ngokwemigomo yesivumelwano phakathi kwesikhungo sezimali kanye neklayenti. Ngakho ibhange linganikeza ukubekwa kwemali ngesimo:
- idiphozi yokuqoqa - idiphozi ngokugcwalisa;
- i-akhawunti yokonga imali;
- idiphoze ngesimo sokufuna;
- ukonga;
- i-deposit multicurrency;
- ukufaka imali ngezimali;
- idiphozi yokuphepha;
- impesheni;
- utshalomali.
Inhlobo ngayinye yenkontileka inezici zayo, kanye nama-nuances ayo. Ngaphambi kokuthi ukhethe lokhu noma uhlobo oluthile lokutshalwa kwemali, kufanelekile ukutadisha ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yiziphi amalungelo nezibopho umthengi (i-deposit) azoba nazo, futhi yiziphi izinzuzo namalungelo ebhange ngokwayo athola ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano.
Idiphozi yokuqoqa
Uma ucabangela zonke izinkokhelo ezingenayo ebhange, khona-ke imali yokugcina imali iyindlela ehlukile yokuphuthumayo. Kusukela ekukhethweni kokuqala, lokhu kuboniswa ikhono lokwenza "ukumnika" njalo kwi-akhawunti enkulu - idiphozi ngokugcwaliswa kabusha. Okusho ukuthi, ngokufaka inani elithile ebhange ngamaphesenti, iklayenti ngokwengqondo yakhe ingathuthukisa kancane kancane umzimba wediphozi ngokubeka amashadidi amasha kule akhawunti.
Kulokhu, futhi, isimo sokubeka imali ngesikhathi esibekiwe esivumelwaneni noma isikhathi sokufuna imali. I-nuance kuphela yukuthi iklayenti ifuna ukugcwalisa i-akhawunti njalo ngenani elithile (ungaphezulu, kodwa hhayi ngaphansi) okucacisiwe enkonzweni. Izinga lediphozi elinjalo lizohluka ngokwemibandela ebhange elinikeza iklayenti.
Imali ephansi yesikhashana
Phakathi kwayo yonke imikhiqizo ehlinzekwa yibhange, kufanelekile ukunaka enye idiphozi enenzuzo - isikhathi esifushane. Isici somnikelo onjalo ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Uchaza ukubeka imali enkulu kuye isikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Umqondo oyinhloko womnikelo onjalo yithuba lekhasimende lokuthola imali enkulu phakathi kokuthengiswa kwezimali ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile idiphozi enjalo isetshenziswa abantu:
- uma ufisa, ngokushesha uthole imali engenayo eyengeziwe ngemali eningi;
- ukuvikeleka imali eningi kumasela;
- lapho uthengisa futhi uthenga impahla ehambayo ehambayo futhi engasuswa.
Indlela elula yokulandelela ukusebenza kulesi sibonelo. Umuntu wenza umsebenzi wokuthengisa indlu. Ukukhokha kwenziwa ngokheshi, okungukuthi, imali eningi yemali ikhona ezandleni zomuntu. Ukugcina imali engakanani ekhaya kungaphephile bese iklayenti ifika ebhange ngenhloso yokwenza umnikelo. Uma esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, i-depositor izokwenza ukuthenga okukhulu, ngeke kube nenzuzo ukuthi angene esivumelwaneni sesikhashana esithile bese ibhange linikeza umkhiqizo lapho ikhasimende lingakwazi ukuvula i-akhawunti izinsuku eziningana.
Funa izimali
Olunye uhlobo oluthandwayo lwemali yokuthenga imali ngebhange luyimali engenayo kwidiphozi. Ngakho, lapho kukhona imali eningi, iklayenti ingavula i-akhawunti bese yenza umnikelo esimweni ongasisebenzisa ngazo izimali noma kunini. Idiphozi enjalo ithandwa kakhulu njengenye yezinhlobonhlobo zokufaka imali ephuthumayo yokufaka imali noma umnikelo nge-capitalism. Ngakho-ke iklayenti, ibeke imali enkulu ku-akhawunti, ngaphansi kwesithakazelo, ngemuva kwesikhathi inethuba lokuhoxisa noma ukwengeza inani elithile.
Umkhiqizo onjalo webhange ulula uma umuntu, uma kukhona imali enkulu, akahlose ukwenza ukuthenga okukhulu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Imali ikhona ku-akhawunti efomini yayo yasekuqaleni, ikhasimende lingangeza (kahle, noma lingeze) ku-akhawunti yesakhiwo, kodwa sikwazi ukuhoxisa inzalo nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Kukhona ithuba lokusebenzisa yonke iminikelo noma ingxenye yayo ngasiphi isikhathi ngokuthanda.
Izinzuzo:
- ayikho imikhawulo emalini yediphozi;
- ukukhululeka okuphelele kwesenzo seklayenti.
Izinkinga:
- izimo azizuzi imali encane;
- izinga lesithakazelo liphansi.
Inzuzo evela eceleni kwezezimali zomkhiqizo onjalo iyoba iklayenti kuphela uma kubekwa imali enkulu kakhulu. Ngenani eliphansi kakhulu lokufaka imali yesithakazelo, kufanele ukukhetha omunye umkhiqizo webhange. Ukufunwa kwe-deposit kuyoba lula ukuqongelela isikhathi eside noma njengomnikelo wezingane "kuze kube umuntu omdala".
Ukulondolozwa kubeka
Ukuqonda umbuzo wokuthi iyiphi idiphozi, kufanelekile ukunaka uhlobo oluthile lwenkonzo. Umkhiqizo onjalo webhange njengediphozi yokulondolozwa inzuzo uma kuphela imali eningi efakwe ku-akhawunti. Kulesi simo, umgomo we-depositor uyinzuzo yenzalo kusuka kwidiphozi. Umzimba wediphozi kumele uzinzile kulo lonke isikhathi eshiwo kwinkontileka. Idiphozi enjalo ayikwazi ukuhoxiswa ebhange nganoma isiphi isikhathi, kuphela emva kokuphela kwegama ngaphansi kwenkontileka. Lokhu kukhethwa kwediphozi kudinga ukuhambisana ngokugcwele nemithetho.
Idiphoyinti ye-Multicurrency
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi idiphozi ekukhethwa kukho kwemali eminingi. Isimo esingaguquguquki sezinyunithi zemali kwenza amabhange afune futhi akhiphe okunikezwayo okuzuzisa amakhasimende. Ngakho idiphozithi ye-multicurrency izovumela iklayenti ukuthi isebenzise ukuguqulwa kwemali ngaphakathi kwediphozi ngokwazi kwayo. Ukusebenza ngokwezezimali kubonisa ukuthi imali yokufaka imali yangaphandle yi-investment enenzuzo kakhulu.
Idiphozidi nge-capital
Idiphozi yokulondoloza okuphuthumayo - ingokwesigaba sezinto ezilula kunazo zonke futhi ezilula kakhulu izinketho zamaklayenti zokubeka imali ebhange ngenzalo. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zalokhu kukhetha zihlanganisa:
- ikhono leklayenti ukuqapha konke ukuthengiselana ngediphozi;
- ilungelo lokulahla idiphozi nganoma isiphi isikhathi ngokuqonda kwayo;
- thola amaphesenti aphezulu ebhange;
- ithuba lokuhoxisa imali nganoma yisiphi isikhathi;
- ukutholakala kwezinto ezithakazelisayo kwenzeka ngenani langempela ku-akhawunti (imali eqhubekayo yenzuzo).
Isimo sokubambisana nesithakazelo esihlala njalo yisipho sokukhokhela inzuzo kakhulu uma iklayenti engasusi izikhwama futhi yenze isithakazelo isikhathi eside. Khona-ke ngokunyuka kancane kancane emzimbeni womnikelo, iphesenti libuye landa. Ngenkathi ukwandisa inani, ukunyuka kwesithakazelo kwanda kwi-akhawunti ye-deposit.
Idiphozi yokuphepha
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele isithombe senqubomgomo yobunikazi, umuntu kufanele abe nomqondo walokho okushiwo yidiphozithi, lapho idiphozi yesigceme kungeyona nje idiphozi eqoqayo, kodwa futhi nediphozi yokuphepha. Ngakho, ukunikeza incazelo yediphozithi yediphozi ilula ngesibonelo esithile. Ngokuvamile lolu hlobo lokufaka imali lusetshenziselwa ukuqasha izindlu noma ezinye izinto ezihambayo ezingashenxiswanga. Umnikazi, umninikhaya, ukuze aqinisekise impahla yakhe ngokumelene nesici somuntu (ukulimala kwempahla, ukuhluleka ukukhokha izikweletu zesevisi, njll).
Iphoyisenti yepensheni
Kunezinketho lapho umuntu efuna ukusebenzisa amasheyithi asekude. Iyini idiphozi yempesheni - umkhiqizo onjalo webhange ungakhiwa eminyakeni eminingana. Leli diphozi enenzuzo kakhulu ngokuphindaphindiwe. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, iklayenti yasebhange ivula i-akhawunti yokulondoloza imali, lapho kukhona khona ukukhishwa okuhlala njalo ekhadini lokukhokha (umholo).
Ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, iklayenti inelungelo:
- Sebenzisa umnikelo wakho ekuhlakanipheni kwakho;
- engeza umzimba wediphozi ngokuqonda;
- vele uthathe inzalo kanye ngenyanga.
Idiphozi yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ingasho futhi ukunqunywa kwesithakazelo kanye ngenyanga ngenyanga yekhadi lomhlalaphansi lomthengi. Lokhu kukhethwa kwediphozi kudinga ukujwayela kahle yonke imibandela ibhange elinikezayo. Kubalulekile ukulalela imigomo nemibandela yomshuwalense wediphozi. Ingozi yukuthi ibhange lingakwazi "ukushisa" bese imali yokugcinwa kwe-deposit izogcinwa kuphela ngumshuwalense owenzelwe kahle.
Ukutshala izimali
Uma iklayenti inesithakazelo kumbuzo wokuthi ungayenza kanjani imali kwidiphozi, ibhange linikeza umkhiqizo olandelayo - idiphozi yokutshala imali. Lokhu kuyindlela entsha emakethe ye-post-Soviet. Isisekelo salowo diphozithi ukuthi izimo ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa imigomo lapho iklayenti iqala khona isibopho sokuthenga isabelo sesikhwama sokutshala izimali. Inzuzo yalokho idiphozi ukuthi uma imakethe ikhula, iklayenti ingenayo imali, kodwa uma imakethe isezansi, ikhasimende lilahlekelwa yimali. Lokhu kukhetha kwediphozi kuyamukeleka kuphela uma iklayenti ibona izinzuzo nezingozi zokudlala i-stock exchange.