Emashumini eminyaka edlule amakhompyutha athuthukile ngokushesha. Eqinisweni, ekukhunjweni kwesizukulwane esisodwa, bahamba ngamathambo amakhulu, bephethe amakamelo amakhulu kuya amaphilisi amancane. Imemori nesivinini sanda ngokushesha. Kodwa kwafika isikhathi lapho imisebenzi ibonakala engekho amandla ngisho namakhompiyutha wamanje anamandla.
Iyini ikhompyutha ye-quantum?
Ukuvela kwemisebenzi emisha engaphesheya kokulawulwa kwamakhomphyutha avamile, kuye kwaphoqeleka ukufuna amathuba amasha. Futhi, njengenye indlela kumakhompyutha avamile, i-quantum ivele. Ikhompyutheni ye-quantum yinkambiso yekhompyutha, isisekelo sento, esekelwe ezakhiweni ze-quantum mechanics. Izinhlinzeko ezinkulu ze-quantum mechanics zahlelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ukubukeka kwaso kwavumela ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi ze-physics ezingazange zithole isisombululo ku-classical physics.
Nakuba inkolelo ye-quanta isivele ibalwa ngekhulu lesibili, isalokhu iqondakala kuphela kumbuthano omncane wochwepheshe. Kodwa kunemiphumela yangempela ye-quantum mechanics, lapho sesijwayele khona - ubuchwepheshe be-laser, tomography. Futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka edlule inkolelo yokubalwa kwamanani enziwe yi-physics yeSoviet Yu. Manin. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, uDavid Deutsch wavula umqondo womshini we-quantum.
Ingabe kukhona ikhompiyutha ye-quantum?
Kodwa ukufaniswa kwemibono kwakungelula kakhulu. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kunemibiko yokuthi enye ikhompiyutha ye-quantum idalwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obunjalo bekhompuyutha kusetshenziswa ama-giants emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bolwazi:
- I-D-Wave inkampani evela eCanada, eyayiqala ukuqala ukukhiqizwa kwamakhompiyutha we-quantum. Noma kunjalo, izazi ziphikisana ngokuthi ngabe amakhomphyutha ayimakhompiyutha eningi futhi yiziphi izinzuzo abanikezayo.
- I-IBM - yenze ikhompiyutha ye-quantum, futhi ivulele kubasebenzisi be-intanethi ukuhlolwa ngamagugu we-quantium. Ngo-2025 inkampani ihlela ukwakha imodeli ekwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga kakade ezisebenzayo.
- I-Google - yamemezela ukukhululwa kulo nyaka wekhompyutha ekwazi ukubonisa ubukhulu bamakhompiyutha we-quantum kumakhompyutha avamile.
- Ngo-May 2017, ososayensi baseShayina eShanghai bathi ikhompiyutha enamandla kunayo yonke emhlabeni yadalwa, ama-analogues anemibono ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-24.
- Ngo-July 2017, eMhlanganweni WaseMoscow nge-Quantum Technologies, kwaziswa ukuthi kwakhiwe ikhomishana engu-51-qubit quantum.
Uyini umehluko phakathi komshini we-quantum nekhompyutha evamile?
Umehluko oyinhloko wekhompiyutha ye-quantum endleleni yokucubungula inqubo.
- Ku-processor evamile, zonke izibalo zisekelwe ezinkolweni ezikhona kokubili okushiwo oku-1 noma 0. Okusho ukuthi, wonke umsebenzi unciphise ukuba uhlaziye inani elikhulu lemininingwane yokuhambisana nemibandela ecacisiwe. Ikhompyutha ye-quantum isekelwe kuma-qubits (i-quantum bits). Isici sabo yikhono lokuba ku-state 1, 0, kanyekanye kanye no-1 no-0.
- Amandla wekhompiyutha ye-quantum ayanda kakhulu, ngoba asikho isidingo sokufuna impendulo efanele phakathi kwesethi. Kulesi simo, impendulo ikhethwa kusukela ezihlukahlukene ezitholakalayo kakade ngamathuba athile encwadi.
Iyini ikhompyutha ye-quantum?
Isimiso sekhompyutheni ye-quantum, eyakhelwe ekukhethweni kwesisombululo ngamathuba anele futhi ikhono lokuthola isisombululo esinjalo kaningi ngokushesha kunamakhompyutha anamuhla, inquma injongo yokusetshenziswa kwayo. Okokuqala, ukuvela kwaloluhlobo lwekhompyutha lwe-computer olukhathazekayo ngama-cryptographers. Lokhu kungenxa yekhono lomshini we-quantum ukubala kalula amaphasiwedi. Ngakho-ke, ikhompiyutha enamandla kunazo zonke, eyenziwe ososayensi baseRussia-America, iyakwazi ukuthola izinkinobho kumasistimu okubhala okukhona.
Kukhona nemisebenzi ewusizo kakhulu esetshenziselwa amakhompiyutha we-quantum, axhunyiwe nokuziphatha kwezinhlayiya zokuqala, izakhi zofuzo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izimakethe zezezimali, ukuvikelwa kwamanethiwekhi avela kumagciwane, ukuhlakanipha kwemishini nezinye eziningi ukuthi amakhomphyutha ajwayelekile angeke akwazi ukuxazulula.
Ikhompyutha ye-quantum ihlelwe kanjani?
Ukwakhiwa komshini we-quantum kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-qubits. Njengokwenziwa ngokomzimba kweziqubits okwamanje ezisetshenzisiwe:
- izindandatho ze-superconductors ne-jumpers, nge-current multidirectional;
- ama-athomu ngabanye, ngaphansi kwethonya lamapulangwe laser;
- ion;
- i-photons;
- kusetshenziselwa ukuhlukahluka kokusetshenziswa kwama-nanocrystals we-semiconductors.
Ikhomishini ye-Quantum - isimiso sokusebenza
Uma kukhona ukuqiniseka ngekhompyutha yakudala emsebenzini, khona-ke umbuzo wendlela umshini wekhompiyutha osebenza ngayo kunzima ukuphendula. Incazelo yokusebenza komshini we-quantum isekelwe emabintweni amabili angaqondakali:
- isimiso sokuqokwa kungumbuzo weziqubits ezikwazi ukubekanye ngezikhundla 1 no-0. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi izibalo eziningana zenziwe ngesikhathi esisodwa, kunokuba ukhethe okukhethwa kukho, okunikeza inzuzo enkulu ngesikhathi;
- ukuqubuka kwe-quantum yinto ephawulwe ngu-A. Einstein, okuwukuthi ukuxhunyaniswa kwezinhlayiya ezimbili. Ngamazwi alula, uma enye yezinhlayiyana inomthelela omuhle, khona-ke okwesibini kuthatha isithunzi esihle. Lobuhlobo buba khona kungakhathaliseki ibanga.
Ubani owasungula ikhomishini ye-quantum?
Isisekelo se-quantum mechanics sichazwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, njengengqondo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kuhlotshaniswa nezobuchwepheshe bezici ezinjenge Max Planck, A. Einstein, uPaul Dirac. Ngo-1980, u-Antonov wanconywa umbono wokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukubalwa kwenani. Futhi ngemva konyaka uRichard Feyneman in theory wayenza ikhompiyutha yokuqala ye-quantum.
Manje ukudala amakhompiyutha e-quantum esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa ngisho nokulukhuni ukucabanga ukuthi ikhompiyutha ye-quantum ingayenza. Kodwa kusobala ukuthi ukuqonda lesi siqondiso kuzoletha abantu abaningi ukuthola izinto ezintsha kuzo zonke izingxenye zesayensi, kuzosenza sikwazi ukubheka izwe elincane ne-macro, ukuze sifunde kabanzi mayelana nemvelo yengqondo, izakhi zofuzo.