I-Pragmatism yigama elijwayelekile futhi abantu bavame ukulizwa ngemigomo efana nalokhu: i-pragmatism, umuntu okhulayo. Esikhathini sokumelwa okujwayelekile kwesilinganiso samanani, leli gama lihlotshaniswa nokuthile okubalulekile, okuphelele, okusebenzayo futhi okunengqondo.
I-Pragmatism - iyini?
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baye bafuna ukunikeza konke igama negama ngenhloso ewusizo - ukudlulisela ulwazi esizukulwaneni esilandelayo. Ekuhunyushweni kusuka kulesiGreki. I-pragmatis is - "isenzo", "ibhizinisi", "inomusa." Incazelo yalo enkulu - njengamanje ifilosofi, esekelwe emisebenzini ewusizo, ngenxa yalokho iqiniso elibiziwe liqinisekisiwe noma liphikisiwe. Ubaba-umsunguli we-pragmatism njengendlela - isazi sefilosofi saseMelika sekhulu le-XIX. UCharles Pierce.
Ubani ongu-pragmatist?
I-pragmatist ngumuntu ongumsekeli we-philosophical direction - pragmatism. Ngomqondo wansuku zonke wansuku zonke, umuntu okhukhumezayo ngumuntu onamandla, okungukuthi:
- i-predominance yengqondo eqondakalayo nokuhlaziya ;
- amasu;
- uphika umqondo;
- konke kuhlolwe ngokusebenza ("abantu abenzi");
- uyakwazi ukuhlela isikhathi sakhe ngokunembile;
- umgomo kumele ube nomphumela wokukhonkisana ngesimo senzuzo;
- ufeza konke ngokwakhe;
- ulawula impilo yakhe ngangokunokwenzeka;
I-pragmatism ilungile noma imbi?
Uma ucabangela noma yiliphi ikhwalithi yobuntu - kuyo yonke into ebalulekile. Isici esihle somuntu esisekelweni se-hypertrophic siphenduka sibe umugqa onesignali esincane, futhi i-pragmatism ayikho into ehlukile. Umuntu oye wajwayela ukufeza imigomo yakhe angakwazi "ukuhamba ekhanda phezu kwezithende" ngaphandle kokucabangela imizwa yabanye, abe nzima ngokwengeziwe isikhathi ngasinye. Emphakathini, abantu abanjalo bangabangela umona - abantu babona umphumela ophumelelayo walo msebenzi, kodwa ungacabangi ukuthi yimiphi imizamo okwakufanele isetshenziswe kumuntu ohloniphekile futhi ucabange ukuthi "nje unenhlanhla" ngokuxhumana.
I-Pragmatism ngefilosofi
Ukusetshenziswa kwemibono ye-pragmatism, eyakheke njengendlela yokuzimela kuphela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ingalandelwa phakathi kwezazifilosofi zasendulo ezifana noSocrates no-Aristotle. I-Pragmatism yefilosofi umbono obuyele esikhundleni noma ngokuphambene nomkhuba wokucabanga, "wahlukanisa neqiniso," wacabanga uCycle Pierce. I-postulate eyisisekelo, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Piers principle," ichaza i-pragmatism njengezenzo noma ukusebenzisana nento futhi ithola imiphumela emisebenzini ewusizo. Imibono ye-pragmatism yaqhubeka ithuthuka emisebenzini yamanye amafilosofi awaziwayo:
- U-W. James (1862 - 1910) isazi sefilosofi-isazi sezengqondo - wadala imfundiso yokuziphendulela okukhulu. Ezifundweni waphendukela emaqinisweni, izenzo zokuziphatha nezenzo ezingokoqobo, wenqaba imibono engaqondakali, engaqinisekisiwe.
- UJohn Dewey (1859-1952) - umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukuthuthukisa pragmatism ukuze kuzuze abantu ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila. I-Instrumentalism iyisiqondiso esisha esakhiwe nguDewey, lapho imibono nezinkolelo ezibekwe phambili zikhonza abantu njengamathuluzi ashintsha izimpilo zabantu ukuze zibe ngcono.
- R. Rorty (1931 - 2007) - isazi sefilosofi u-neo-pragmatist wayekholelwa ukuthi noma yiluphi ulwazi, ngisho nokuhlola, lusezingeni elilinganiselwe futhi luhlelwe ngokomlando.
I-Pragmatism ku-Psychology
I-Pragmatism enokwakheka kwengqondo ngumsebenzi osebenzayo womuntu oholele emphumela othile ohlosiwe. Kunesimo sengqondo sokuthi izidakamizwa, iningi lazo madoda. Isimo samanje sibonisa ukuthi abesifazane abanempumelelo efanayo bafeza imigomo yabo. Indlela yokugcizelela ekuphathweni kwengqondo ihlukanisa ukubonakaliswa komlingiswa wesintu ekuphumeleleni (okuwusizo) futhi engenamsebenzi (ukuvimbela indlela eya empumelelweni). Ukuqapha kanye ne-pragmatism kuyisiqinisekiso sokuphila okuhle, izicabisholo zicabangela, kuyilapho izakhamuzi zengqondo zibona lesi simo esibalulekile hhayi emgqeni wemibala:
- i-pragmatism akuyona imodeli ephilayo;
- Izi-pragmatis zivame ukuphula indlela yokuphila yendabuko neyokuziphatha: kubo umphumela kubaluleke kakhulu, hhayi ukusebenzisana kwabantu;
- emazweni amaningi i-pragmatism iye yaba indlela yokufa. Ukuhlanganisa abantu ukufeza imiphumela - kuthathwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu.
I-Pragmatism enkolweni
Umqondo we-pragmatism uvela enkolweni. Umuntu ovuma ukuvuma noma okunye ukuvuma kuvumelana nesimiso saphezulu ngokuhlangenwe nakho kokuzivimbela: ukuzila ukudla, ukuthandaza, ukuphuza ukulala, ukuzithula - lawa amathuluzi asebenzayo athuthukisiwe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka esiza ukungena esimweni esikhethekile sokubumbana noNkulunkulu. I-pragmatism iboniswa kakhulu emthethweni wamaProthestani wenkululeko kanembeza - ilungelo lokuzikhethela inkululeko yomuntu yokuzikhethela nenkolelo.
Indlela yokuthuthukisa i-pragmatism?
Ingabe kufanelekile ukuzithuthukisa izimfanelo, lapho abantu abaningi behlaselwa ngokuhlolisisa? Konke akuyona into ebucayi kakhulu, futhi i-pragmatism ekusetshenzisweni okulinganiselwe isu elihle ekufezeni imiphumela esimeme. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pragmatism kwakhelwe ekulandeleni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlobo zezindlela ekuphileni kwakhe:
- ukuqala ngemisebenzi encane nemigomo - ukuletha ekuphethweni okunengqondo;
- ukuphathwa kwesikhathi sesikhathi: ukugcina idayari, echaza yonke imisebenzi yansuku zonke ngehora;
- ukuhlela imigomo yesikhathi esifushane neyesikhathi eside (izikhathi zomsebenzi, amathuluzi okusebenza, uhlu lwabantu oxhumana nabo okungaba usizo);
- ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi emikhulu ibe yizigaba ezinyathelo ngezinyathelo;
- ukuziqhenya: thola iziphazamiso futhi uziqede, ubambelele ohlelweni oluhlosiwe;
- sebenzisa imizwelo: ukuthuthuka ngokwakho ukuzola nokubandulwa kwegazi;
- indlela "yokukhohliswa kwengqondo" ukuthi umuntu uthi kuye "Ngizosebenza kancane futhi ngibheke i-movie, uhambe", njll. Lokhu kusiza ukuvuselela ingqondo engaqondakali ukuthi isebenze, bese uzinikeze umvuzo othembisiwe.