Abaningi bayazi ukuthi igciwane le-computer elinjalo negciwane lihlasela kuphela ezingeni lomsebenzisi noma umsebenzisi wasekhaya futhi ucabange ukuthi kungaba yingozi kangakanani. Ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuqhutshwa kwe-cyberattacks ngeke kube okungcono uma usebenza nemishini yamakhompyutha kunoma iyiphi insimu yomsebenzi.
Ikhompyutha yekhompyutha - iyini?
Ngokuvamile, abasebenzisi bekhompyutha baxwayisa - musa ukuvula amafayela kusuka emthonjeni ongenakuphelelwa yisikhathi, amakhasi asolisayo amasayithi, sebenzisa amakhadi okukhanya komunye umuntu, ngaphandle kwalokho ungathola uhlelo olubi. Ngakho iyini igciwane lekhompyutha - lena isofthiwe ngokwayo, okuyinto ngezenzo zayo ingalimaza ikhompyutha.
Ingafakwa ngaphakathi ohlelweni, imemori namafayela, ishiye amakhophi awo lapho, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele umsebenzi wabo. Kwezinye izimo, usongo olunjalo lungaba lukhulu kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthola idatha egcinwe kudivayisi. Njengamanje, ama-virus kanye ne-antivirus akhipha umonakalo omkhulu emakhompyutheni - izinhlelo zokuvikela ngokumelene nawo futhi azimi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamagciwane ekhompyutha
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo eziningi ezikhona, izinhlobo ezintsha zegciwane le-computer zivela, ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuvikela ezintsha. Kunezinhlawulo eziningana zezinhlelo ezinonya:
- Kuzinhlelo ezingakwazi ukushaya igciwane - i-Windows, i-Android, i-Linux nabanye.
- Ngezinto ezithinta igciwane: amavaysi ekhodi yomthombo, i-bootable, ifayela (banezinhlu ezihlukene ngokwemigomo yesenzo - abhale kabusha, ama-parasites noma ama-virus "ama-satellites"), isimo, ama-macro virus.
- Ngokusho ulimi lohlelo, elisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kwegciwane - isimo, i-assembler nabanye.
- Ngobuchwepheshe begciwane, isibonelo, amagciwane we-polymorphic noma ama-rootkits.
- Ngokusebenza kwayo - spyware, backdoors, botnets.
Ama-boot amagciwane
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-virus kwalolu hlobo kuhluke ngokuthi kungena emkhakheni wokuqala we diski kanzima noma i-floppy lapho ilayishwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igciwane lingasakazeka kuwo wonke ama diski kudivayisi. Amagciwane amaningana anjalo ayatholakali ku-disk eyodwa, ngoba adinga isikhala esithile kuso. Iningi le-virus lokuhlaselwa kwalolu hlobo manje selithathwe indawo efana neyindlela yokwenza ama-bootkits. Izinhlobo ezinama-bootable kanye nefayela zama-virus ngokuvamile zihambisana nomunye.
Amagciwane enethiwekhi
Ngokuvamile ukuhlukaniswa kwama-virus kuvumela incazelo ecacile yeyodwa noma enye isofthiwe enonya. Ngakho-ke, amagciwane enethiwekhi yinkqubo ekwazi ukusakazeka ngokuzimela kuyi-intanethi. Isimiso sesenzo salezi zinambuzane sinezikhombisi ezimbili:
- Uhlelo olunegciwane lusethwe ngumsebenzisi ngokwakhe ngenxa yokuthi linikwe kuye ngaphansi kwesimo sokuphepha, isibonelo, ngehlu lokuthumela i-elekthronikhi.
- Igciwane lingena ohlelweni ngenxa yamaphutha kwisofthiwe yekhompyutha.
Faka ama-virus
Igciwane elifanayo eliyingozi lisungulwa ohlelweni lwekhompiyutha kanye namafayela ayo aphethwe, ngaleyo ndlela iluhlukumeze futhi ikwazi ukuhamba namafayela kwenye i-hardware yekhompyutha. Ezimweni eziningi, isenzo salo asibonakali kumnikazi. Izingozi zingavezwa izinto ngezandiso exe, com, sys, bat, dll. Lezi amagciwane zihlukaniswa ngokweziqondiso zokutheleleka:
- ukubhala phansi, ukungenelela ifayela, kulibhubhisa ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kabusha;
- i-parasitic iyakwazi ukungena kwifayela elisebenzayo;
- igciwane limelelwa njengefayela elihlukile.
Ama-Macroviruses
Izinhlobo eziningi zegciwane ziqondile kakhulu kangangokuthi zidinga umsebenzi we-antivirus ukuze ususe. Lokhu kufaka ama-virus macro. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwazo, kusetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezithile zokuhlela ama-macrolanguages, eziqukethe izinhlelo zokusebenza:
- abahleli;
- imiyalezo kanye nezinhlelo zehluzo;
- amaspredishithi.
Ngamafayela kulezi zinhlelo, ama-macro amaningi ezimweni eziningi ahlasela ikhomphyutha - ukusatshalaliswa kwezigciwane ezinjalo kwenziwa ngezinye izilimi eziningi. Isofthiwe engalungile ingashumeka ohlelweni, ukopishe ulwazi oluceliwe, lususe noma luthumele nge-imeyli.
Indlela yokubhekana namagciwane?
Okungalindelekile kumsebenzisi wemishini yekhompyutha kungaba ukuhlaselwa kwamagciwane. Kungase kube ngokushesha lapho, ekuqaleni kwefayela elinegciwane, igciwane livalela uhlelo, noma, ngokulandelana, isikhathi eside, uma igciwane kancane kancane lihlasela izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zesistimu, futhi umsebenzisi akaqapheli izinguquko eziphawulekayo kuwo. Umphumela uba ikhompyutha elinegciwane, efuna ukwelashwa noma ukuvuselelwa kwesistimu.
Njengoba ukulwa namagciwane kungasetshenziswa zonke izinhlelo zokuvikela, izibhamu - zombili wesithathu nesistimu, i-antivirus. Kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho ethile engenza kube lula ukugwema ukutheleleka ngegciwane:
- Ungavuli amafayela angajwayelekile ongazithunyelwa nge-imeyili.
- Ungalandi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisolisayo, ama-archives, izinhlelo.
- Sebenzisa izinhlelo zokuzivikela.
- Ungashiyi amaphasiwedi nokufinyelela kumafayela womuntu siqu
- Ungasebenzisi amanye ama-flash drive kanye namakhadi omemori.
Ukuhlola ikhompyutha yakho kuma-virus
Ukuze uhlole ikhompyutha ngamagciwane, udinga ukufaka uhlelo olukhethekile, okungukuthi, njengomthetho, lukhululekile. Ama-antivirus amaningi aklanyelwe kuphela amakhompiyutha, kodwa futhi amaphilisi nama-smartphones. Phakathi kwezinhlelo ezithandwayo zokulwa nogciwane kukhona okulandelayo:1. Kaspersky Anti-Virus - uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuvikela ikhompyutha yakho ekuhlaselweni okunonya. Izinzuzo zayo:
- akukho nethonya ekusebenzeni kwekhompyutha;
- ukuvikelwa okuthembekile nokuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo kolwazi;
- uhlelo lokuphathwa kokuvikela ukusebenza.
2. I- Antivirus Dr.WEB inikeza izinhlelo zokuvikela ikhompyutha yakho kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo zamagciwane aziwayo. Ngaphezu kwephakheji ejwayelekile, imisebenzi yokulawulwa kwabazali kanye nokuvikelwa kokulahlekelwa kwedatha kungaphinde kuxhunyiwe.
3. I- Antivirus ESET NOD32 - isofthiwe yenzelwe ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni kwe-cybercrime kanye ne-virus. Ukubuyekezwa okwesikhashana kwezinhlelo zalo mkhiqizi kukuvumela ukuba ugweme ukungena kwikhompyutha eyaziwa kanye nezinhlelo ezinonya ezintsha.
4. Enye yezinhlelo ze-antivirus mahhala yi-Avast . Izici zalo:
- ukutholakala kwejubane eliphezulu kwezinhlelo ezinonya;
- igciwane elivimba ngesikhathi sangempela;
- isikhombimsebenzisi sokuxhumana;
- ikhono lokwenza izilungiselelo zokuvikela ngokwezifiso.
Uma kungenalo ulwazi, kungcono ukubeka lo msebenzi kubachwepheshe. Kwezinye izinhlelo zekhompyutha kunezinhlelo zokuvikela ezichazwe ngaphambilini. Kuye ithuluzi elitholakale kulolu hlelo, lihlola ikhompyutha bese liphakamisa ukususa igciwane noma ukuphulukisa usongo olutholiwe. Ezimweni eziningi, lapho sekuqedile umsebenzi, lolu hlelo luveza umbiko ngomsebenzi okwenziwe.
Ngingawususa kanjani igciwane kusuka kwikhompyutha yami?
Uma unemibuzo mayelana nendlela yokususa igciwane, kufanele ubheke izinhlelo ezifanayo zokuvikelwa. Kuye ngokuthi kunzima kangakanani, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nezinga lokulimala ohlelweni, bangaphulukisa ikhompyutha. Uma kungabikho umphumela omuhle, umsebenzi wezochwepheshe onguchwepheshe obaluleke kakhulu kungadingeka:
- ukuhlanza irejista;
- ukufometha kwama diski akhona;
- buyisela uhlelo.
Ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi ocatshangelwayo, kunconywa ukuba uxhumane nesisebenzi esikhethekile esingakwazi ukuhlola ubuningi bomonakalo ohlelweni, uqaphele ukuthi kungenzeka ukwelashwa kwikhompyutha futhi ubuyisele idatha yangaphambilini etholakalayo. Qaphela ukuthi umuntu oqeqeshiwe kuphela ukubhekana nenkinga enjalo, hhayi ukuvumela imiphumela yedivaysi ehlelwe nge-elekthronikhi.
Ukuvikelwa ngokumelene namagciwane
Njengomthetho, ukutholakala kwamagciwane kungumsebenzi omkhulu wezinhlelo zokulwa negciwane. Umsebenzi wabo uhlose ukuskena, ukuthola nokwamukela i-malware. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwelashwa okunjalo. Zihlukana komunye nomunye ngendlela yesenzo kanye nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Umsebenzisi ngokwakhe akakwazi ukuthola igciwane kuzo zonke izimo. Bangazibonakalisa ngokwabo efomu elicacile njenge:
- amabhandi;
- ukukhangisa;
- amanye amawindi wesiphequluli.
Ingafihlwa futhi ibonakale njenge:
- amawindi we-pop-up;
- ikholomu yekhompyutha;
- ukungenakwenzeka kokulayishwa noma ukuvulwa kwezinhlelo ezihlukene.
Akufanele sikhohlwe mayelana nokuqapha lapho uvula amafayela angajwayelekile, amadokhumenti, ngenkathi usebenzisa i-Inthanethi. Ukwazi ukuthi igciwane lekhompyutha nokuthi ulivimbela kanjani ukuthi lingabonakali kuyoba usizo kubasebenzisi basekhaya nabasehhovisi. Ulwazi olunjalo luzosiza ekugwemeni isikhathi sokubuyisela uhlelo lwekhompyutha noma idatha elahlekile, futhi kwezinye izimo nezindleko zezimali zokuzilungisa.