Udaba lokukhuliswa luhlala lufanele emashumini amaningi eminyaka. Zonke izizukulwane zabazali, othisha nabafundisi bazama ukuthola imodeli ekahle ekuthuthukiseni amakhono ezinganeni. Nokho, njengoba bethi, bangaki abantu, imibono eminingi kangaka. Ukusesha imodeli engcono kakhulu yemfundo kwaholela ekukhuleni kwezindawo eziningana emkhakheni wokufundisa. Futhi ukuze uqonde ukuthi iyiphi enye efanele kumntanakho, ake sicabangele imiqondo esemqoka yanamuhla yokukhulisa.
Izindlela zanamuhla kanye nemibono yemfundo
Njengoba kusetshenziselwa ukufuna nokunquma amandla okushayela okukhulunywe ngakho kanye nezakhi zalo zakhiwo, kwakhiwa isigaba esikhethekile sokufundisa okuthiwa "The Theory of Education". Emkhakheni wokutadisha kwakhe yonke imiqondo yezinhlobo zamanje kanye nezanamuhla lapho imfundo ibhekwa khona kusukela ezikhundleni ezehlukene zawa. Ukuvela kwalesi sigaba ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye kwabekwe ngu K.D. Ushinsky, owabhala incwadi ethi "Umuntu njengento yokufundisa: isipiliyoni se-anthropology yokufundisa." Ukumlandela eminyakeni engu-20-30. Ikhulu lama-XX, igalelo elikhulu emfundweni yemfundo eyenziwe ngu-A.S. UMakarenko emisebenzini yakhe: "Inhloso yemfundo," "Izindlela zemisebenzi yokufundisa," "Ukufundiswa kwemfundo yezingane," njll.
Imiqondo yanamuhla nemibono yokukhulisa inabalobi abaningi, abacwaningi emkhakheni wokwakheka komuntu ubuntu kanye nendima yothisha ekwenzeni ukukhulisa izingane nentuthuko.
Imiqondo yanamuhla yokufundisa nokukhulisa ihlanganisa imibono eminingana eyisisekelo, abasunguli bayo abafilosofi abavelele nabachwepheshe bezingqondo:
- isayensi yezemvelo (K. Rogers, A. Maslow);
- i-behavioral (behaviourist) theory (D. Watson, D. Locke, B. Skinner);
- inkolelo yokucabanga (D. Dewey, J. Piaget);
- i-theory (genetic) theory (K. Lorenz, D. Kennel);
- isayensi ye-psychoanalytic (uZ. Freud, E. Erickson).
Ngama-60-70. Ikhulu leminyaka lama-20 laqala ukuvela kohlelo okuthiwa kwezobuchwepheshe ekufundiseni nasekukhuliseni. Ingqikithi yayo ikhona ekufakweni okuhleliwe nokuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kwenqubo yokufundisa ehlelwe ngaphambilini. Ngenxa yale ndlela, imiqondo eminingi yanamuhla nobuchwepheshe bemfundo bathole izici ezithile zendlela yokuxhumana nomfundi:
- ukubeka imigomo yokuqeqesha, echaza izenzo nezengqondo zomfundi (ulwazi, ukuqonda, isicelo);
- ikhono lokuzala zonke izingxenye zokuqeqesha: ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwezinga lamakhono, ukulungiswa ngokwempendulo yomfundi nothisha, ukuhlolwa kokugcina kwemiphumela nokubeka imigomo emisha;
- impendulo evela kumfundi, ukulawula ulwazi lwakhe namakhono kanye nokulungiswa okwesikhashana kwanoma yiziphi izigaba zokukhulelwa.
Amaphethini ajwayelekile womqondo wanamuhla wemfundo
Naphezu kokuhlukana kwezindlela, ukuhlukaniswa kwemigomo yanamuhla yemfundo yakhiwe kumaphethini jikelele:- Ukukhuliselwa kwenzeka ebuhlotsheni obuseduze nokufunda, kodwa kusekhona indima ebalulekile;
- ukuphumelela kokukhulisa kuxhomeke emsebenzini womfundi ngokwakhe kanye nokubandakanyeka kwakhe kule nqubo;
- imiphumela yemfundo ixhomeke kuzo zonke izici zesakhiwo ezakha le nqubo: amafomu, izindlela kanye nemigomo ingane kanye nothisha abaziqondayo.
Ngokwamasu okuvuselela imfundo eRussia, imiqondo yanamuhla yemfundo yomuntu siqu ineziqondiso ezimbalwa eziyinhloko:
- ukwandisa indima yemisebenzi yezemfundo ekwakheni isimo sengqondo esisha sabasha;
- kudingeka ukubuyisela ukubhalana phakathi kokuqukethwe, izinga lemfundo kanye
izidingo zomuntu ofundiswayo, umphakathi kanye nombuso; - ukubuyiselwa kwendima yombuso ekukhulisweni kwesizukulwane esincane;
- ukwandiswa kwezifundo zokukhuliswa, njengezikhungo zomphakathi, izikhungo zemfundo kanye nomphakathi.
Imiqondo yanamuhla yemfundo ihloswe, okokuqala, ekubunjweni kwengane yobuntu bemasiko. Naphezu kokuthi izikhungo eziningi zezenhlalakahle zisasebenzisa izinyathelo ezingasasebenzi zokukhulisa, uhulumeni ufuna ukuthuthukisa lolu hlelo ukuze isizukulwane esincane sithole ithuba lokuthola ulwazi namakhono ngokuhambisana nezidingo zomphakathi wanamuhla futhi ngosizo lobuchwepheshe bamuva.