Isifo esiyingozi, esingasetshenziswanga kahle - isifo sokuzivikela somzimba. Akuwona umphumela wezinto eziphilayo ezithinta izakhi zofuzo futhi kubonakala kunzima komzimba kanye nesistimu yomzimba. I-immunodeficiency immunology yesibili ichaza ngokuthi ukuphazanyiswa kwe-pathological etholakalayo emisebenzini yamandla okuzivikela emzimbeni wethu.
Kuthiwani ukuzivivinya umzimba okubili?
Uma sicabangela ngokuningiliziwe ukuzivikela kokubili kokuzivikela komzimba, kunjani kubantu abadala, singakwazi ukunikeza incazelo eyenziwe yisigaba semithi ejwayelekile, ehlola izakhiwo zokuzivikela zomzimba nokuphikisana kwazo nezici zangaphandle - i-immunology. Ngakho, ukuzivivinya umzimba okungesibili (ukungena) kuyisimiso sokusebenza komzimba wamasosha omzimba, okungahambisani neze nezakhi zofuzo. Izimo ezinjalo zihambisana nezifo ezihlukahlukene zokuvuvukala nezifo ezithathelwanayo, ezithintekayo kakhulu.
I-Secondary immunodeficiency - isigaba
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokuhlelwa kwezigaba ezinjalo:
- ngejubane lentuthuko;
- ukuvama;
- ezingeni lokuphuka;
- ngokuqina kombuso.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-CID yesibili ngamazinga okuqhubeka:
- okubi (okubangelwa izifo ezithathelwanayo eziyingozi, ukulimala okuhlukahlukene, ukulimala);
- okungapheli (kubonakala ngasemuva kokuhluleka okuzenzakalelayo, ukutheleleka ngegciwane, izicubu, njll).
Ngokuphathelene nokuhlukana:
- i-immunodeficiency yesibili ye-phagocyte;
- isici se-complement system;
- Ukwelashwa kwe-T-cell yesibili;
- ukuphulwa komzimba wokuzivikela komzimba;
- inhlanganisela.
Namanje ukuhlukanisa:
- I-IDS yesikhashana - ifana nokuzivikela okuyisisekelo okuyinhloko, ngoba ayikho imbangela ebonakalayo yokuvela;
- i-syndrome ye-immunodeficiency eyakhiwe embili - imbangela yayo ecacile.
Amafomu we-immunodeficiency secondary
Ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa okucatshangwayo, ama-immunodefacial ayenziwe okwesikhashana okufomathiwe kanye nefomu elifakiwe nawo ahlukene. Ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukuthola i-AIDS njengenye indlela yalesi simo, kodwa ukuzivivinya kwe-immunology yanamuhla kuvame ukukhuluma ngaleli syndrome njengomphumela we-IDS etholakalayo, i-agent causative ene-HIV (igciwane lesandulela ngculazi lomuntu). I-AIDS kanye nefomu le-spontaneous ne-induced lihlangene nomqondo owodwa owodwa otholakala nge-immunodeficiency.
Ifomu le-immunodeficiency
Ukungabi khona kwe-etiology eqondile, okucacile kubonisa ukuzivivinya umzimba okuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kwenza kube kufane nezinhlobo eziyinhloko, futhi kaningi kubangelwa isenzo se-microbiota yesimo se-pathogenic. Kubantu abadala, kunzima ukuphatha ukuvuvukala okungapheli kuchazwa njengokubonakaliswa kwemitholampilo ye-IDS yesibili. Ukutheleleka okuvame kakhulu kutholakala ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo nezinhlelo:
- amehlo;
- isikhumba sokufaka;
- Uhlelo lokuphefumula:
- izitho zomgudu wokugaya;
- uhlelo lwe-genito-urinary.
I-immunodeficiency secondary yesibili
Ukwelashwa kwama-immunodeficiency kunokwelapha futhi kaningi ngokusiza ukwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kungenzeka ukubuyisela ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwezivikelo zomzimba. Izizathu ezivame kakhulu ukuthi kungani ukuvimbela ukuzivikela komzimba okwesikhashana kwenzeka:
- ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa;
- ukulimala okukhulu;
- ukulwa nesifo sikashukela, isibindi nesifo sezinso;
- x-ray njalo.
Izimbangela ze-immunodeficiencies secondary
Kunezizathu eziningi ezenza ukuba i-syndrome ye-immunodeficiency yesibili futhi abaningi babo abafundi abajwayelekile bangaqageli, ngoba iningi lomqondo we-IDS uhlotshaniswa nento ethile emhlabeni wonke futhi engenakuphikisana, kodwa empeleni, lezo zindawo ziguquguquka uma kungezona ngegciwane lesigciwane amalungelo. Kodwa ngisho noma sikhuluma nge-HIV, ngakho-ke ngaleli gciwane, abaningi baphila budala kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, izizathu zokuvela kwalezi zizwe zingaba:
- ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya (isifo sofuba, i-pneumococci, i-staphylococci, i-meningococci njalonjalo);
- i-helminths kanye nokuhlasela kwe-protozoal (i-ascarids, i-toxoplasmosis, i-trichinosis, i-malaria);
- imfundo yezemvelo.
- izinkinga ezizenzakalelayo.
- ukutheleleka ngegciwane (isibungu, isibindi, isishukela, i-rubella, i-herpes, i-cytomegaly njalonjalo);
- ukudakwa ( thyrotoxicosis , ushevu);
- ukuhlukunyezwa kanzima kwengqondo nangokomzimba, umsebenzi okwenyuka ngokomzimba;
- ukuphuma kwegazi, i- nephritis , ukushisa;
- imiphumela yamakhemikhali (izidakamizwa, i-steroids, i-chemotherapy);
- izici zemvelo (iminyaka yobudala noma yengane, isikhathi sokubeletha ingane);
- ukungabi namakhemikhali okubalulekile kanye nama-macro, amavithamini ngenxa yokungondleki.
Ukuzivikela komzimba wesibili - izimpawu
Isibonakaliso sokuphenywa okusheshayo kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela somzimba singase sibe uphawu lwezimpawu, okuvame ukufakazela izinkinga. Izimpawu ze-immunodeficiency secondary:
- i-meningitis ye-purulent ne- sepsis ;
- izifo zebhaktheriya eziningi noma eziqhubekayo;
- I-ARV Constant kanye ne-stomatitis;
- i-herpes;
- isikhunta kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo;
- i-bronchitis engapheli;
- izinkinga ezivame ngezigungu ze-ENT;
- isifo se-bronchiectatic;
- i-pneumonia.
I-Secondary immunodeficiency - ukwelashwa
Umbuzo wokuthi ungaphatha kanjani i-immunodeficiency yesibili udinga ukucatshangelwa okuningiliziwe, ngoba hhayi impilo kuphela, kodwa futhi, ngokuvamile, impilo ixhomeke ekwelapheni. Ngezifo ezivame ukubhekana nesimo se-immunity encane, kuyadingeka ukuba uthintane nochwepheshe ngokuphuthumayo bese wenza ucwaningo. Uma kutholakala ukuthi ukuzivivinya kokubili kwe-immunodeficiency, akudingekile ukubambezeleka lapho kuqala ukwelashwa.
Ukwelashwa kwe-ISD yesibili kunqunywe kuye ngokuthi yikuphi ukuxhumanisa ukuphazamiseka kutholakala. Ngesikhathi sokwelapha, izinyathelo zokuqala zithathwa ukuqeda izimbangela zesifo. Njengomthetho, lezi zindlela zokuzijabulisa ezifanele emva kokusebenza, ukulimala, ukushisa, njll, okwenziwe. Uma umzimba unesifo, ukutholakala kwama-bacterium, amagciwane kanye nezifungi kuzoqedwa ngosizo lwamalungiselelo okwelapha.
- Uma izifo zibangelwa amagciwane e-pathogenic, ama-antibiotic anqunywe (Abaktal, Amoxiclav, Vancomycin, Gentamicin, Oxacillin).
- Uma isikhunta se-pathogenic sitholiwe, ama-antifungal anqunyelwe (Ecodax, Candid, Diflucan, Fungoterbine).
- Izidakamizwa ze-Anthelminthic zibekiwe phambi kwezibungu (Helminthox, Centel, Nemosol, Pirantel).
- Imithi yama-antiretroviral kanye ne-antiretroviral imiselwe ukuthi igciwane lesifo somzimba (Amiksin, Arbidol, Abakavir, Phosphazid).
- Imishanguzo ye-Immunoglobulin isetshenziselwa ngokugcwele ngaphakathi kwamacala uma ukukhiqizwa komzimba kwamagciwane akhe okunciphisa kuncishisiwe (Ukujwayelekile komuntu immunoglobulin, Hyperimmunoglobulin).
- Abafake imilayezo ye-immunocorrectors banikeze izifo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo enzima futhi engapheli (Cordizex, Roncoleukin, Yuvet, njll).