Phakathi nakho konke okukhona, iningi labantu lalingaphansi futhi lalingaphansi kwabantu abaningi abagunyazayo, bephethe isikhundla esiphambili.
Ukuncishiswa yiyona ingxenye esemqoka yesakhiwo somphakathi womuntu. Uhlelo lokuphatha lubalulekile kuwo wonke umphakathi. Singasho ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kuyindlela yokucindezela kwengqondo yomuntu ngamunye, ngokusho ukuthi yilowo nalowo kufanele enze ngokuvumelana nomgomo onikeziwe.
Ukuze ufunde isakhiwo sokuxhaswa kwabantu, kwenziwa inqubo ekhethekile. Labizwa ngokuthi i-Milgram Experiment. Kuthuthukiswa isazi sengqondo sakhe esidumile uStanley Milgram. Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuthola ukuthi bangaki abantu abavamile abakwazi ukulimaza abanye abangenacala, uma ukuhlukunyezwa kobuhlungu kungenye yemisebenzi yabo.
Ukuzama kukaStanley Milgram
Ukuhlolwa kwakuhlanganisa okulandelayo: umuntu owayengazi ngenhloso yangempela yocwaningo wayecelwe ukuba abuyele omunye umshwalense kagesi komunye umuntu, okungukuthi, isisulu. I-generator yamanje yamanje isetshenzisiwe.
Esikhundleni somuntu ohlukunyeziwe, umuntu oqeqeshiwe ngokukhethekile, umsizi we-experimenter, ukhulume. Ukusabela kwakhe kwakhiwe ngokwendlela ethile.
Khona-ke le ndaba yacelwa ukuba isebenzise ukushona, ukuxwayisa ukuthi le nqubo yenziwa, njengokungathi ukutadisha umphumela wokujeziswa kumemori yabantu.
Njengoba ukuhlolwa kuqhubekela phambili, le ndaba ishukumiseleka ukuba ishaye ngamandla amakhulu, okungase kube yingozi empilweni yomuntu oyisisulu. Ukuziphatha komuntu ovivinywa kuchazwa ngokuthi "ukuthunyelwa", uma evumelana nezicelo zomhloli, izidingo zakhe. Isenzo sokunganaki yisikhathi lapho isijeziso siphelile. Ngenani eliphakeme lamandla okushuswa kagesi, okushiwo yisisulu, inani lokusebenza kwezenzo zendaba lisekelwe.
Ngakho-ke, izinga lokuhlukaniswa komuntu linganciphisa inani elithile lamanani kuye ngokuthi yikuphi isihloko nokuhlolwa okuthile.
Le nqubo ikuvumela ukuba wenze ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene ngezinguquko. I-experimenter izoshintsha umthombo wemilayezo, ifomu yemiyalo nokuqukethwe kwayo, into yokujeziswa namadivayisi, lapho isijeziso sizosetshenziswa khona, njll.
Ngendlela yezifundo zokuhlolwa kwaba ngamadoda angaba ngu-40, abaneminyaka yabo kusukela eminyakeni engu-20 kuya kweyama-50. Iphephandaba lendawo lishicilele isikhangiso mayelana nokuhlolwa, futhi abantu nabo bamenywa ngokwabo. Izihloko zikhethiwe ezinhlobonhlobo zobuchwepheshe: onjiniyela, abaloli beposi, abahwebi, njll. Izinga lemfundo lalihlukile. Ngokubamba iqhaza lokulinga, uMilgram ukhokhelwe u-$ 4. Isihloko ngasinye satshelwa ukuthi lesi samba sikhokhelwa ukuthi weza ebhokisatri futhi lokhu akuxhomeki kulokho okukhomba abazozama ukuthola.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa eYale University. Enye indlela ongaphandle kwayo.
Kuvivinyo ngalunye, isihloko kanye nesisulu sabambe iqhaza. Ukubheka, okwakubhekene nakho ukushaya, kwakuwukuthi kwakudingeka ukuthi uthole umphumela wokujeziswa ngokubaluleka kokufunda njengamanye.
Imiphumela yosesho
I-Milgram yakhiqiza imiphumela emibili, eyathinta ukuhlolwa nezinye iziphetho ezingqondweni zezenhlalakahle.
Umphumela wokuqala: isihloko sibonisa ukuthambekela okungalindelekile
UMilgram wenza lezi ziphetho ngokulinganisa: idatha etholakale yabonisa ukuthi kubantu abadala kukhona ukuzimisela okuqinile ukuthuthela kude kangangokuthi kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi balandela yini umuntu ohloniphekile.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-Milgram kwanegalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwengqondo yezenhlalakahle futhi, ngeshwa, kusebenza esikhathini sethu.