I-London Underground yiyona yokuqala emhlabeni. I-metro yesimanje yesimiso seLondon ingenye yezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi iyingxenye yesine ngobude ngemva komgwaqo eSeoul, eBeijing naseShanghai.
Iyini igama lesitimela esitimela eLondon?
Igama leLondon Underground London Underground, kodwa ngolimi olujwayelekile isiNgisi siyibiza ngokuthi ithubhu.
Umlando we-London Underground
Ukuhamba komgwaqo eLondon kubonakala nini?
Ekhulwini le-XIX, enhloko-dolobha yaseGreat Britain, njengamanye emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni, umbuzo okhungayo wokugcwala ngokweqile imigwaqo ephakathi kwavela. Ngo-1843, ngokusho komsebenzi kaMark Brunel, onjiniyela waseFrance, umhubhe wakhiwa ngaphansi kweThames, okwakuqala ukukhombisa ukuthuthukiswa komasipala. Imigudu yokuqala yomgwaqo yakhiwa ngendlela engena emanzini, lapho i-moat ibambe ngamamitha ayi-10 ejulile, ngezansi kwakubekwe amathrekhi, okwakhiwa khona kamuva.
Umzila wokuqala we-metro wavulwa ngoJanuwari 10, 1863. Isitimela semigwaqo sasihlanganisa iziteshi ezingu-7, ubude bezingoma ezingu-6 km. Amandla omkhiqizo wawungama-locomotives, okwakushisa kakhulu, futhi amafasitela emigwaqeni ayengekho ngenxa yokuthi onjiniyela babekholelwa ukuthi akukho lutho okufanele lubheke ngaphansi komhlaba. Naphezu kwezimo ezithile eziphazamisayo, iLondon Underground kwasekuqaleni yajabulela ukuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhileyo enhloko-dolobha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-London Underground
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, isitimela sasiwela ngaphesheya kweLondon, ezungeze iziteshi ezintsha zaqala ukwakha izindawo ezintsha zasemadolobheni. Ngo-1906, izitimela zokuqala zikagesi zasungulwa, futhi ngonyaka ozayo, ekwakhiweni kweziteshi ezintsha, indlela eyithembisayo futhi ephephile isetshenziswe - "izihlangu zokugaya", ngenxa yokuthi kwakungafaneleki ukumba imigudu yokubamba.
I-London Underground Imephu
Imephu yokuqala yedolobha laseMoscow lakhiwa ngo-1933. Abavakashi abaningi baqaphela ukuthi uhlelo lwamanje lwesitimela saseLondon luyinto edidekayo, kodwa ukuqonda izinkinga zemigqa lapho ukhetha indlela efanele kanye nebalazwe kusiza eziningi zamabhodi nolwazi.
Inethiwekhi yomshuwalense inemigqa engu-11, futhi ikhona emazingeni ahlukene aendawo: 4 kuzo imigqa engacacile (cishe ngamamitha angu-5 ngaphansi komhlaba), ezisele ezise-7 ziyizingxube ezijulile (ngokulinganiselwa ku-20m ukusuka phezulu). Njengamanje, ubude beLondon Underground buyi-402 km, okungaphansi kwesigamu ngaphansi komhlaba.
Abavakashi, abaphupha ukuvakashela inhloko-dolobha yaseGreat Britain, bayoba nesithakazelo sokwazi iziteshi eziningi ezingaphansi komhlaba eLondon? Ngakho-ke, manje kukhona iziteshi zokusebenza ezingu-270, ezingu-14 zazo ezingaphandle kweLondon. Ezindaweni eziyisithupha zamadolobha amakhulu omgwaqo ongaphansi kwamamitha angu-32 ayikho.
Izindleko zemitha eLondon
Ukuhamba emgwaqweni waseLondon kuncike endaweni kanye nenani lokudluliselwa kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ingqikithi ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba zaseLondon zichazwe. Okukude phakathi nendawo indawo kanye nezinguquko ezimbalwa ezenziwe ngenhloso yokutshala kabusha kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya komunye, okwezomnotho kubiza izindleko zokuhamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezimpelasonto ukuhamba kubiza kancane kancane kunsuku zokusebenza.
Amahora angaphansi komhlaba aseLondon
Isikhathi sokusebenza komhlaba ngaphansi eLondon sincike ezindaweni. Esikhathini sokuqala, iziteshi zivuliwe ngo-04: 45, indawo yesibili ivuliwe kusukela ngo-05: 30 kuya ku-01.00. Kunezinye izici zokuqala nokuphela komsebenzi kwezinye izindawo. I-metro ivuliwe unyaka wonke ngonyaka omusha kanye nezinsuku zemikhosi kazwelonke.
NgoJanuwari 2013, i-metro esedlule kunazo zonke emhlabeni imakwe iminyaka engu-150. Abantu baseLondon bacabanga ukuthi izithuthi zabo zangaphansi komhlaba zilula futhi zihle kakhulu! Inethiwekhi yomasipala wedolobha elikhulu ikhula njalo futhi ivuselele.
