Iningi lethu lihlobanisa igama elithi "absolutism elikhanyisiwe" kuphela ngegama likaVoltaire nezincwadi zakhe kuCatherine II, futhi lokhu akuthinteki kuphela impilo yombuso waseRussia kanye nomcabango wefilosofi waseFrance. Imibono yokukhanyiswa kwe-absolutism iye yasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngakho-ke amakhosi ayibona yini kulo mgomo njengoba ekhangayo?
Okuyinhloko ye-absolutism ekhanyisiwe imfushane
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, isimo saseYurophu sasimangalisa kakhulu, ngoba ukudala kwakuvele sekuphelile, kwakudingeka izinguquko ezinkulu. Lesi simo sathonya ukwakheka okusheshayo kokuthola i-absolutism ekhanyisiwe.
Kodwa le mibono yavela kuphi futhi yimuphi okushiwo ukukhanya okunjalo? Ukhokho nguThomas Hobbes, futhi ithonya elikhulu ekubunjweni kwe-absolutism elikhanyisiwe linikezwe imibono kaJean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire noMontesquieu. Bahlongoza ukuguqulwa kwezikhungo zesikhashana esiphelelwe amandla, ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo, izinqubo zomthetho, njll. Ngokufushane umqondo oyinhloko we-absolutism okhanyisiwe ungashiwo ngalendlela elandelayo: umbuso, lowo ohloniphekile kufanele azuze kanye namalungelo afanele nezikhonzi zakhe.
Empeleni, ukukhanyiswa kwe-absolutism kwakudingeka kubhubhise izinsalela zama-feudalism, lokhu kwakuhlanganisa izinguquko zokuthuthukisa impilo yabalimi kanye nokuqedwa kwe-serfdom. Futhi, izinguquko kwakudingeka ziqinise amandla angaphakathi futhi zakha isimo sangempela sezwe, hhayi ngaphansi kwezwi labaholi benkolo.
Ukusungulwa kwemibono ye-absolutism ekhanyisiwe kwakuyisici sezinhlelo ze-monarchies ngenhloso yokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane be-capitalists okungenasuswa. Amazwe afaka phakathi wonke amazwe aseYurophu, ngaphandle kweFrance, i-England nePoland. EPoland, kwakungenayo i-absolutism yasebukhosini, okwakuzoguqulwa, khona-ke wonke umuntu wayebuswa yizikhulu. I-England kakade yayinayo yonke into eyakhanyisa i-absolutism eyifunayo, futhi iFrance yayingenabo abaholi ababengaba abaqalile izinguquko. ULouis XV nomlandeli wakhe babengenakukwazi lokhu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo lwabhujiswa yi-revolution.
Izici nezici ze-absolutism ekhanyisiwe
Izincwadi zangekhulu le-XVIII, ukugqugquzela imibono yokukhanyisa, hhayi nje ukugxeka umlando omdala, futhi wakhuluma ngesidingo sokuguqulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinguquko kwakufanele zenziwe nguhulumeni kanye nezithakazelo zezwe. Ngakho-ke, esinye sezici eziyinhloko zenqubomgomo ye-absolutism ekhanyisiwe kungabizwa ngokuthi ububusi bama-kings and philosophers abafuna ukulawula uhlelo lwesifundazwe ngesizathu esihlanzekile.
Yiqiniso, akuyona yonke into eyenziwa njengabafilosofi abadonsa amaphupho e-rainbow. Isibonelo, i-absolutism ekhanyisiwe yakhuluma ngesidingo sokuthuthukisa impilo yabalimi. Ezinye izinguquko kulezi ziqondiso zenziwa ngempela, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo amandla ohlonishwayo aqiniswa, ngoba kwakuyilokho okwakungase kube ukusekelwa okuyinhloko kwe-autocracy. Ngakho okwesibili
I-absolutism ekhanyisiwe eMbusweni waseRussia
Njengoba sazi, iRussia inendlela yayo. Lapha nakhona wayeyinto ekhethekile kakhulu. E-Russia, ngokungafani namazwe aseYurophu, ukukhanyiswa kwe-absolutism kwakungcono kunomkhuba wefashini kunokuba kube into ebalulekile ngempela. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinguquko zenziwa kuphela ukuze kuzuze abahlonishwayo, hhayi ukucabangela izithakazelo zabantu abavamile. Neziphathimandla zesonto, futhi, kwakukhona ukuphazamiseka - eRussia kwakungenalo igama elimangalisayo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, njengoba kwakunjalo eYurophu yamaKatolika, ngoba ukuguqulwa kwesonto kwaletha kuphela ukuhlukaniswa nokudideka, ukubhubhisa izindinganiso ezingokomoya, zihlonishwe okhokho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umuntu angabona ukuhlaziywa kokuphila okungokomoya, ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ngisho nabaholi benkolo bavame ukukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo. Ngayo yonke imfundo yayo, uCatherine II wayengeke aqonde "umphefumulo waseRussia ongaqondakali" futhi athole indlela efanele yokuthuthukisa isimo.