- Ikheli: Tiwanaku, Bolivia
- Ifoni: + 591 6666 6666
- Usuku oluseduze lokwakhiwa: iminyaka engu-530-560. AD
I-Puma Punku iyindawo ephawulekayo yeBolivia . Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zemitha ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezine, eziseduze neChibi Titicaca kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezifanayo, iTiwanaku . Igama elithi "Puma Punku" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "Isango likaPuma".
Iminyaka yokwakha: izizathu nokuphikisana
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon, ososayensi bakhetha ukwakhiwa kweminyaka engu-530-560 yenkathi yethu, kodwa akubona bonke abavubukuli abavumelana nalokhu, ikakhulukazi bacabangela ukufana kwenkimbinkimbi yaseTiwanaku, eyaqala ngekhulu le-15 BC. e.
Ibeka ukungabaza "iminyaka esemthethweni" yesakhiwo kanye nokuthi imithombo ebhaliwe emibhalweni ekhuluma ngezinkinga ayizange igcinwe. Leli qiniso lenza kube nokuphikisana okukhulu ngokuthi yini uPuma Punk ayeyiyo kanye nendima ayidlala ngayo emkhakheni wezizwe ezihlala kuyo.
Akuqinisekisiwe yinkathi encane yenkimbinkimbi kanye nokuthola okuvubukulo okwenziwa lapha - Fuente Magna. Lesi yisitsha esikhulu sezingodo zomzimba, izindonga zazo ezihlotshiswe ngemidwebo ekhumbuza i-cuneiform yokuqala yaseSumalia. I-Fuente Magna ibhekiselwa ezakhiweni ezingalungile - izinto ezingenakwenzeka ngokohlelo lwezikhathi olusemthethweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Namuhla i-Fuente Magna igcinwa eLa Paz, eMumyuziyamu Wezakhi Zamagugu, futhi ukubhalwa kwendwangu kubhekwa.
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Iyini inkimbinkimbi?
I-Puma Punku iyi-embankment eyenziwe kakhulu ngobumba (eceleni kwemiphetho, isihlabathi somfula singenawo ama-cobblestones) futhi sinamabhuloki ahlelwe ngokuphelele. Ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu itholakala cishe ngamamitha angu-168, ukusuka empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - ku-117. Emagumbini - enyakatho-ntshonalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga - izakhiwo ezengeziwe zamacengezi zenziwa. Isibungu sizungeze igceke lomumo onxantathu.
Ekuqaleni, i-Puma Punk, ngokusho komsebenzi okwakhiwe kabusha, yayiyiqembu lezikhungo ezinjengale ncwadi ethi "T" enqabeni eyayizungezwe ngamatshe amancane amancane, amakhulu angamakhilogremu. "Umlenze" wencwadi ethi "T" uyancipha. Kuze kube manje, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sesifikile esimweni esibi kakhulu - lesi sakhiwo sikholwa ukuthi sibhujiswe ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kakhulu, futhi izigxobo zamatshe zase zisetshenziswe kakade ekhulwini lama-20 ngenjongo yokukhiqizwa kwamatshe.
Kodwa-hhayi bonke, ubukhulu bezinye abazange babuvumele ukuba basebenzise. Isibonelo, kwiLitice Platform - ithala elisempumalanga ye-complex - kukhona i-monolithic slab 7 m 81 cm ubude, ububanzi obuyi-5 m 17 cm no-1 m 07 cm ubukhulu. Isisindo esilinganiselwe sale plateti ngamathani ayi-131. Leli yilo elikhulu kunazo zonke (kodwa hhayi elikhulu kunazo zonke) elitholakalanga kuphela ePuma Punku, kodwa naseTiaunako. Amanye amapulethi amancane kakhulu, kodwa isisindo saso sisuka kumathani angu-20 noma ngaphezulu. Zenziwe nge-diorite, sandstone ebomvu ne-andesite.
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Izindwangu zePuma-Punku
Indlela yokudilizwa ngamatshe ingenye yezimfihlakalo ezibeka umuzi wePuma-Punk kubacwaningi bawo. Idiphozi, lapho ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi sandstone ingasuswa, ingaphezu kuka-17 km, futhi indawo ephakathi kweyinkimbinkimbi kanye nediphozi iwela, futhi akukhona umgwaqo kuphela, kodwa ukusikisela ukuthi kwakukhona lapho . Futhi i-andesite ifakwe ngaphezulu, cishe ngo-90 km ukusuka ePuma Punku.
Noma kunjalo, le mfihlakalo akuyona yodwa, kunezinto eziningi ezingenakuqondakala lapha:
- Amaningi amaningi okusinda anemikhakha yokucubungula okungenzeka ngezinsiza zobunzima obunjalo kuphela ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bamuva, futhi ezinye izindlela zokucubungula akunakwenzeka manje. Isibonelo, lapha kukhona amabhlogo ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinye zazo zinomcibisholo oqoshiwe (noma oqoshiwe), izimbobo eziphelele ezihlukahlukene zamadayimitha ahlukene, imigodi yezimo ezihlukahlukene zinyanyisiwe. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi ukucubungula okunjalo kwakungenzeka ngezindlela zokuqala ezitholakala ezizweni zaseNdiya ezihlala kule ndawo. Ngendlela, amaNdiya ngokwawo aphika ukubandakanyeka kwabo ekwakhiweni kwePuma Punk. Izindabakwane zasekhaya zithi i-Puma Punk yakhiwe onkulunkulu, abese bebhubhisa isakhiwo sabo "ngokuphakamisa, ukujika nokuphonsa phansi."
- Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, amabhlogo ajwayelekile aguquguqukayo asetshenziselwa - uma kwakungekho etsheni, ikakhulukazi kanzima, kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zinkilo zenziwe ngokugcizelela. Amabhuloki aqinile kakhulu eduze komunye nomunye - ngokuvamile igebe ayifaki ngisho ne-razor blade.
- Kwezinye izindawo, izibopho ezikhethekile ezenziwe ngezinsimbi ezifana ne-bronze (kakhulu engavamile eBolivia!), I-Arsenic ne-nickel (engatholakali lapha nhlobo) yasetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amabhulogi komunye nomunye.
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Imfihlakalo eyinhloko: yayiyini ukuqokwa kwePuma-Punku?
AmaNdiya ngokwawo athi iPuma Punku "indawo yokuphumula onkulunkulu". Kodwa lesi sakhiwo sasibukeka kanjani ngempela?
Kukhona izinguqulo eziningana eziyinhloko, ngasinye esinobufakazi bayo kanye nezindawo "ezibuthakathaka" zayo:
- Eminyakeni engaba ngu-100 eyedlule, umvubukuli waseBolivia wasePoland uvela u-Arthur Poznansky wafaka inguqulo iPuma Punk eyayiyichweba - lapho iLake Titicaca, manje esitholakala khona engamakhilomitha angu-30 ukusuka kwinkimbinkimbi, yayigcwele kakhulu. Le nguqulo kuze kube yimanje ayimelani nanoma yikuphi ukugxekwa - ukutadisha phansi kwechibi, okuholela ekutholakaleni kwamanxiwa ezakhiwo zasendulo ngosuku lwayo, kubonisa ukuthi akuzange kube yize, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwaba nokujula.
- Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zaphenywa ngosizo lokuzama ukuzamazama komhlaba, i-magnetometry nezinye izindlela, okubonisa ukuthi ngaphakathi kwekhilomitha engaphansi kwayo yizinsalela zezakhiwo nokuhlinzeka ngamanzi. Lokhu kungabonakali ukuthi iPuma Punk namanje idolobha elichithekile .
- Abanye ososayensi, naphezu kwemiphumela yalezi zifundo, bathi uPuma Punku ungumshini omkhulu , isibonelo, umguquli noma umkhiqizi wezinsimu zokuhlushwa. Isisekelo salesi sitatimende ukuthi amanye amabhlogo amatshe afana nemininingwane yendlela ethile eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhlanganiswa kweminye "imininingwane" yamatshe evela e-Puma Punk ibonakala ngokucacile esithombeni. Noma kunjalo, ukuze uthole imininingwane yendlela, eziningi zazo zihlotshiswe ngokungafani ...
Kuze kube yimanje, inguqulo eyanele yokuthi ubani owayengumakhi we-Puma Punk, ngenkathi isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sidalwa futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi yini esetshenziselwa - ayikho.
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Ungafika kanjani ku-Puma Punku?
Ungakwazi ukuya endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi evela eLa Paz ngenombolo yomgwaqo 1. Indlela ingathatha kusukela ku-one nangxenye kuya emahoreni amabili (kuye ngokuthi ukuhamba ngezimoto), kuzodingeka uqhube umshayeli ongaphansi kuka-75 km.
